Civilizacija

Grad Mohenjo-daro, je bio izgrađen oko godine 2600. p.n.e., u okviru civilizacije u dolini Inda

Pojam civilizacija su uveli francuski prosvjetitelji u 18. vijeku., kao antitezu neprosvijećenog doba feudalizma. U prvobitnom značenju pojam se vezuje uz nauku i napredak. Korijen riječi obuhvata grad (lat. civis) ili gradnju. Blisko pojmu civilizacija je i kultura (lat. obrađivanje zemljišta). Početkom 19. vijeka postaje sinonim za najviši stepen razvoja materijalne i duhovne kulture, a u 20. vijeku pod uticajem sociološko-antropoloških istraživanja počinje se govoriti o posebnim civilizacijama (predistorijska, plemenska, antička, helenska, stara meksička civilizacija i dr.).

U najširem smislu većina naučnika smatra da se počeci civilizacije podudaraju s osnivanjem prvih država u jugozapadnoj Aziji i sjev. Africi, tj. s pojavom pisma i pismenosti. Civilizacija je takav oblik ljudske kulture u kojem mnogo ljudi živi u urbanim središtima, svladali su umijeće metalurgije, razvili su pismo i metodu pisanja.

Pojam civilizacija izražava jednu višu fazu društva i u društveno-evolutivnom razvoju, fazu koja nastaje poslije divljaštva i varvarstva, kada nastaju pismenost, zanati, trgovina, klase, država itd. U užem smislu pojama civilizacije se suprotstavlja pojmu duhovne kulture i njime se obilježava samo materijalna kultura. Najuže značenje pojma civilizacija nalazimo u slučajevima neopravdanog izjednačavanja pojma civilizacije i tehnike. Pojam civilizacija se upotrebljava kao skup svih društvenih tekovina, materijalnih i duhovnih, koje su zajedničke jednom društvu. Civilizacija označava razne faze i nivoe ukupnog materijalnog, duhovnog i društvenog razvoja ljudske zajednice.

Civilizacija je nešto umjetno, nešto što je stvorio čovjek, ona je posljedica izrade sve složenijih oruđa da bi se odgovorilo sve većem ljudskom saznanju o potrebi života u zajednici.

Literatura

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• BBC on civilization
• Wiktionary: civilization, civilize
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