Arapsko–izraelski rat 1948.

Arapsko–izraelski rat 1948.
Dio Izraelsko-arapskog sukoba
Od vrha do dna, s lijeva na desno: Oštećene i uništene zgrade i vozila nakon egipatskog zračnog napada na centralnu autobusku stanicu u Tel Avivu Jevrejski vojnici podižu izraelsku zastavu na kraju rata Izraelski vojnik sa palestinskim zatvorenicima tokom protjerivanja iz Ramlea Napad izraelskih snaga na Sa'sa'
Datum 15. maj 1948 – 10. mart 1949. Lokacija Mandatna Palestina, Sinaj, južni Liban Rezultat Pobjeda Izraela Osnivanje Izraela Djelimična pobjeda Jordana Jordanska aneksija Zapadne obale Palestinski poraz Protjerivanje i bijeg Palestinaca Početak pobune palestinskih fidaijina Teritorijalne promjene Osnivanje Izraela, jordanska aneksija Zapadne obale, egipatska okupacija Pojasa Gaze
Sukobljene strane
Izrael Prije 26. maja 1948. Yishuv Paramilitarne organizacije: Haganah Palmach Hish Him Irgun Lehi Ujedinjena bedouinska plemena Nakon 26. maja 1948.: Izraelske odbrambene snage Jedinica manjina Strani dobrovoljci: Mahal	Arapska liga  Egipat Svepalestinski protektorat Vojska svetog rata Jordan  Irak Sirija Liban Saudijska Arabija  Jemen Neregularna vojska: Arapska oslobodilačka vojska Al-Najjada Vojska svetog rata
Komandanti i lideri
David Ben-Gurion Yisrael Galili Yaakov Dori Yigael Yadin Mickey Marcus † Yigal Allon Yitzhak Rabin David Shaltiel Moshe Dayan Shimon Avidan Moshe Carmel Yitzhak Sadeh	Azzam Pasha Faruk I Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi Muhammad Naguib Kralj Abdallah I John Bagot Glubb Habis Majali Muzahim al-Pachachi Shukri al-Quwatli Amin al-Husseini Hasan Salama † Fawzi al-Qawuqji
Snage
29,677 (inicijalno) 117.500 (na kraju)	10.000 inicijalno, povećano na 20.000 7.500–10.000 2.000 inicijalno, povećano do 15.000–18.000 2.500–5.000 1.000 800–1.200 (Egipatska komanda) 300 3.500–6.000 Ukupno: 13.000 (inicijalno) 51.100 (minimalno) 63.500 (maksimalno)
Žrtve i gubici
6,373 mrtvih (oko 4.000 boraca i 2.400 civila)	Arapske armije: 3.700–7.000 killed Palestinci: 3.000–13.000 poginulih (boraca i civila)

Arapsko–izraelski rat 1948, također poznat kao Prvi arapsko-izraelski rat, uslijedio je nakon građanskog rata u Mandatnoj Palestini kao druga i posljednja faza rata u Palestini 1948. Građanski rat postao je rat odvojenih država s izraelskom Deklaracijom o nezavisnosti 14. maja 1948, krajem britanskog mandata za Palestinu u ponoć i ulaskom vojne koalicije arapskih država na teritoriju Mandatne Palestine sljedećeg jutra. Rat je formalno završio Sporazumima o primirju iz 1949. godine kojima je uspostavljena Zelena linija.

Od Balfourove deklaracije iz 1917. i stvaranja britanskog mandata za Palestinu 1920, te u kontekstu cionizma i masovne migracije evropskih Jevreja u Palestinu, postojale su napetosti i sukobi između Arapa, Jevreja i Britanaca u Palestini. Sukob je eskalirao u građanski rat 30. novembra 1947, dan nakon što su Ujedinjene nacije usvojile Plan podjele Palestine kojim se predlaže podjela teritorije na arapsku državu, jevrejsku državu i međunarodno upravljani corpus separatum za gradove Jerusalem i Betlehem.

Na kraju kampanje koja je započela u aprilu 1948, nazvane Plan Dalet, u kojoj su cionističke snage napale, osvojile i depopulirale gradove, sela i teritorije u Mandatnoj Palestini u pripremi za uspostavljanje jevrejske države, i neposredno prije isteka britanskog mandata za Palestinu, cionistički lideri su 14. maja 1948. objavili Izraelsku deklaraciju o nezavisnosti. Sljedećeg jutra, Egipat, Transjordanija, Sirija i ekspedicijske snage iz Iraka ušle su u Palestinu, preuzimajući kontrolu nad arapskim područjima i napadajući izraelske snage i naselja. Desetomjesečne borbe odvijale su se uglavnom na teritoriji britanskog mandata i na Sinajskom poluostrvu i južnom Libanu, prekidane s nekoliko perioda primirja.

Do kraja rata, Izrael je kontrolisao cijelo područje koje su Ujedinjene nacije predložile za jevrejsku državu, kao i gotovo 60% područja predloženog za arapsku državu, uključujući područje Jaffe, Lide i Ramle, Gornju Galileju, neke dijelove Negeva, zapadnu obalu do grada Gaze i široki pojas duž puta Tel Aviv-Jerusalem. Izrael je također preuzeo kontrolu nad Zapadnim Jerusalemom, koji je trebao biti dio međunarodne zone za Jerusalem i njegovu okolinu. Transjordanija je preuzela kontrolu nad Istočnim Jerusalemom i onim što je postalo poznato kao Zapadna obala, aneksirajući ga sljedeće godine. Teritoriju poznatu danas kao Pojas Gaze okupirao je Egipat.

Protjerivanja Palestinaca, koja su započela tokom građanskog rata, nastavila su se tokom arapsko-izraelskog rata. Stotine Palestinaca ubijeno je u višestrukim masakrima, poput onih koji su se dogodili prilikom protjerivanja iz Lide i Ramle. Ovi događaji danas su poznati kao Nakba (arapski za "katastrofu") i bili su početak problema palestinskih izbjeglica. Sličan broj Jevreja se preselio u Izrael tokom tri godine nakon rata, uključujući 260.000 koji su migrirali, pobjegli ili su protjerani iz okolnih arapskih država.

Bilješke

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Vanjski linkovi

• Knesset: O Ratu za nezavisnost
• Ujedinjene nacije: Sistem o palestinskom pitanju (Arhivirano 15. 8. 2002. na Wayback Machine)
• MidEastWeb: Historija Palestine, Izraela i izraelsko-palestinski sukob
• Stephen R. Shalom: Palestinian viewpoint concerning the context of the 1948 war na Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 13. 9. 2002.)
• BBC o UN-ovom planu podjele
• BBC o formiranju Izraela
• Avi Shlaim: Izrael i Arapska koalicija 1948. (Arhivirano 30. 8. 2009. na Wayback Machine)
• "I Have Returned". Time. 15. 3. 1948. Arhivirano s originala, 3. 7. 2007. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2009.
• "War for Jerusalem Road". Time. 19. 4. 1948. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 9. 2007. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2009.