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Euforija

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Šablon:Emocija Euforija je iskustvo (ili afekt) zadovoljstva ili uzbuđenja i intenzivnih osjećaja blagostanja i sreće.[1][2] Određene prirodne nagrade i društvene aktivnosti, kao što su aerobne vježbe, smijeh, slušanje ili stvaranje muzike i ples, mogu izazvati stanje euforije.[3][4] Euforija je također simptom određenih nervnih ili neuropsihijatrijskih poremećaja, kao što je manija. Romantična ljubav i komponente ciklusa ljudske seksualne reakcije također su povezane s indukcijom euforije.[5][6][7] Određene droge, od kojih su mnoge ovisničke, mogu izazvati euforiju, što barem djelimično motivira njihovu rekreativnu upotrebu.[8] Centri za zadovoljstvo u mozgu Hedonističke žarišne tačke – tj. centri za zadovoljstvo u mozgu – funkcionalno su povezani. Aktivacija jedne žarišne tačke rezultira regrutovanjem ostalih. Inhibicija jedne žarišne tačke rezultira otupljivanjem efekata aktiviranja druge žarišne tačke. Stoga se smatra da je istovremena aktivacija svake hedonističke žarišne tačke unutar sistema nagrađivanja neophodna za stvaranje osjećaja intenzivne euforije.

Historija termina

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Reč "euforija" je izvedena iz starogrčkog izraza εὐφορία: εὖ-εὖ eu što znači "bunar" i φέρω što znači "beoferō" – zadovoljstvo.[9][10] To je semantički suprotno od disforije. U Engleskim rječniku iz 1706. euforija se definira kao "dobro podnošenje djelovanja lijeka, tj. kada pacijent osjeća olakšanje ili olakšanje od njega".[11] Tokom 1860-ih, engleski ljekar Thomas Laycock opisao je euforiju kao osjećaj tjelesnog blagostanja i ispunjenosti; primijetio je njeno neprimjereno ispoljavanje u završnoj fazi nekih terminalnih bolesti i pripisao takvu euforiju nervnoj disfunkciji.[12] U monografiji Sigmunda Freuda iz 1884. godine, pod nazivom "Über Coca", opisana je (njegova) konzumacija kokaina, koja proizvodi "normalnu euforiju zdrave osobe".[13] dok je oko 1890. godine njemački neuropsihijatar Carl Wernicke predavao o "abnormalnoj euforiji" kod pacijenata s manijom.[14] U 1920., Časopis „Popular Science“ opisao je euforiju kao „visokozvučno ime“ koje znači „osjećaj u formi“: obično čini život vrijednim življenja, motivira upotrebu droga i loše se razvija kod određenih mentalnih bolesti.[15] Udžbenik Roberta S. Woodwortha iz 1921. godine pod nazivom „Psihologija: Studija mentalnog života“ opisuje euforiju kao organsko stanje koje je suprotno umoru i „znači otprilike isto što i osjećati se dobro“.[16] Deceniju kasnije, smatrajući da je teško procijeniti „uobičajene osjećaje blagostanja“, američki istraživač ovisnosti Harris Isbell redefinirao je euforiju kao promjene u ponašanju i objektivne znakove tipične za morfin.[17] Međutim, 1957. godine britanski farmakolog D. A. Cahal nije smatrao opioidnu euforiju medicinski nepoželjnom, već učinkom koji "povećava vrijednost glavnog analgetika".[18] Izdanje "Kratke enciklopedije psihijatrije" iz 1977. godine nazvalo je euforiju "raspoloženjem zadovoljstva i blagostanja", s patološkim asocijacijama kada se koristi u psihijatrijskom kontekstu. Kao znak cerebralne bolesti, opisana je kao bljutava i izvan konteksta, predstavljajući nemogućnost doživljavanja negativnih emocija.[19]

U 21. stoljeću, euforija se „općenito“ definira kao stanje velike sreće, blagostanja i uzbuđenja, koje može biti normalno ili abnormalno i neprikladno kada je povezano s psihoaktivnim drogama, maničnim stanjima ili bolestima ili povredama mozga.[20]

Tipovi

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Mnogi različiti tipovi stimulansa mogu izazvati euforiju, uključujući psihoaktivne droge, prirodne nagrade i društvene aktivnosti.[21] Afektivni poremećaj kao što su unipolarna manija ili bipolarni poremećaj mogu uključivati ​​euforiju kao simptom: stimulansi, opioidi, nikotin, kanabinoidi, inhalanti.

Također pogledajte

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Reference

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  1. ↑ Bearn J, O'Brien M (2015). "Chapter Ten - "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse". u Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K (ured.). The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse. International Review of Neurobiology. 120. Academic Press. str. 205–33. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005. ISBN 978-0-12-802978-7. PMID 26070759. Eating, drinking, sexual activity and parenting invoke pleasure, an emotion that promotes repetition of these behaviors, are essential for survival. Euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, is an amplification of pleasure, aspired to one's essential biological needs that are satisfied. People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), γ-hydroxybutyric acid, and ketamine fall under the umbrella of the term "party drugs," each with differing neuropharmacological and physiological actions.
  2. ↑ Alcaro A, Panksepp J (2011). "The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (9): 1805–1820. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002. PMID 21396397. S2CID 6613696. Recent human data have demonstrated that the SEEKING brain circuitry, as predicted, is involved in the emergence of a characteristic appetitive affective state, which may be described as "enthusiastic positive excitement" or "euphoria" (Drevets et al., 2001; Volkow and Swanson, 2003) and that do not resemble any kind of sensory pleasure (Heath, 1996; Panksepp et al., 1985) ... However, in our view, cognitive processes, are only one "slice of the pie", and gamma oscillations may be more globally viewed as the overall emotional–motivational neurodynamics through which the SEEKING disposition is expressed, accompanied by a feeling of excitement/eurphoria (not 'pleasure') that is evolutionarily designed to achieve a diversity of useful outcomes
  3. ↑ "Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases" (Content adapted from "Brain Calipers, 2nd Edition, David J. Robinson, MD".). Gateway Psychiatric Services. Mood and Affect. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 11. 2013. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2014.
  4. ↑ Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI (2010). "Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds". Biol. Lett. 6 (1): 106–8. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670. PMC 2817271. PMID 19755532. This heightened effect from synchronized activity may explain the sense of euphoria experienced during other social activities (such as laughter, music-making and dancing) that are involved in social bonding in humans and possibly other vertebrates.
  5. ↑ Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML (juli 2012). "The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures" (PDF). Prog. Neurobiol. 98 (1): 49–81. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004. PMID 22609047. S2CID 3793929. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 13. 8. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2016 – preko Hedonia. Strong feelings of pleasure and euphoria, as well as marked alterations in cognitive processing, self-referential thought, and physiological arousal are defining features of sexual consummation, especially during orgasm (Mah and Binik, 2001).
  6. ↑ Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (mart 2012). "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (1): 38–55. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112. PMC 4040958. PMID 22641964. Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. ... Under normal conditions, it is not surprising that sexual activity is physiologically regulated by the reward circuitry of the brain, specifically by dopaminergic pathways (see Figure 1). Moreover, the early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner (Reynaud et al. 2010; Young 2009). Human neuroimaging studies have shown that feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship are associated with neural activations in several reward-system and affect-processing regions of the brain (Young 2009; Aron et al. 2005; Bartels & Zeki 2000; Mashek, Aron & Fisher 2000).
  7. ↑ Jankowiak, William; Paladino, Thomas (2013). "Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum". u Jankowiak, William R. (ured.). Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures (jezik: engleski). Columbia University Press. str. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-50876-6 – preko Google Books. These emotional states may also be manifested behaviorally as "labile psychophysical responses to the loved person, including exhilaration, euphoria, buoyancy, spiritual feelings, increased energy, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, shyness, awkwardness ... in the presence of the loved person" (Fisher 1998:32). The presence of similar neurological mechanisms and brain patterns may account for the ability to readily identify when someone is romantically involved or erotically excited (Fisher 1998:32; Fisher 1995).
  8. ↑ Roache JD (2010). "Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence". u Johnson BA (ured.). Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice (jezik: engleski). Springer Science & Business Media. str. 133. ISBN 978-1-4419-0338-9 – preko Google Books. It has been observed that drugs of abuse as diverse as alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, and psychomotor stimulants all share a profile of psychoactive effects characterized as euphoria. It is generally accepted that euphoria is at least a partial explanation why these drugs are abused.
  9. ↑ {{Cite book|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2345426|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|vauthors=Henry Liddell, Robert Scott |publisher=Clarendon Press|others=Revised and augmented throughout by [[Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.|year=1940|isbn=|location=Oxford|at=Perseus|via=Tufts University}}
  10. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Arhivirano s originala, 21. 12. 2008. Pristupljeno 11. 5. 2008.
  11. ↑ Kersey J, Phillips E (1706). The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary (jezik: engleski). London: Printed for J. Phillips. str. EU.
  12. ↑ Laycock T (4. 1. 1862). The Medical Times & Gazette (jezik: engleski). London: John Churchill. str. 1. Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified as to function.
     • Laycock T (17. 5. 1864). The Medical Times & Gazette (jezik: engleski). London: John Churchill. str. 500. The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and is of the worst significance.
  13. ↑ Freud S (1884). Über Coca., cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 Siegel RK (1977). "Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication" (PDF). u Petersen RC, Stillman RC (ured.). NIDA Research Monograph #13. U.S. Government Printing Office. str. 130. The psychic effect (of cocaine) consists of exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which does not differ in any way from the normal euphoria of a healthy person.... One senses an increase of self-control and feels more vigorous and more capable of work; on the other hand, if one works, one misses the heightening of the mental powers which alcohol, tea, or coffee induce. One is simply normal, and soon finds it difficult to believe that one is under the influence of any drug at all.[trajno mrtav link]
  14. ↑ Miller R, Dennison J (2015). "Lecture 31". An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke (jezik: engleski). Springer. str. 216. ISBN 978-3-319-18051-9 – preko Google books. [R]ational judgment of actual ability is lost, and a feeling of increased capacity arises, … it induces feelings of happiness, to the point of abnormal euphoria; but here too, assuming that some degree of psychic ability prevails, self-awareness of the change in personality may be enabled—an autopsychic paraesthesia in the above sense. Consequently, the Affective state of abnormal euphoria which determines the clinical picture often shows up as transitions to autopsychic disarray.
  15. ↑ "Have You Euphoria?". Popular Science. 97 (6): 79. decembar 1920 – preko Google books. It takes a doctor to give a high-sounding name to a well known phenomenon. "Euphoria" means "feeling fit." It is as much a physiological fact as scarlet fever.
         Nature makes it worth while to be alive simply through euphoria. The joy of making a good tennis stroke, the delight that a Woodsman gets in the open air, the artist's rhapsody—all are due to euphoria. Why do we drink alcohol—when we can get it or smoke tobacco? To affect euphoria. When a lunatic thinks that he is Napoleon and demands the homage due an emperor; he has euphoria in its worst form.
         Too little is known about euphoria. Since it can be affected by drugs and chemicals, who knows but it may have its seat in some gland?    publikacija otvorenog pristupa - besplatna za čitanje
  16. ↑ Woodworth, RS (1921). "Chapter VII: Emotion: Various organic states, and the conscious states that go with them". Psychology, a study of mental life. New York: Henry Holt and Company. str. 119–120. Pristupljeno 16. 4. 2017 – preko Internet archive. Something was said before about "organic states", under the general head of tendencies to reaction. Fatigue was an example. Now we could include fatigue under the term, "stirred-up state of the organism"; at least, if not precisely "stirred-up", it is uneasy. It is a deviation from the normal or neutral state. Also, it is often a conscious state, as when we speak of the "tired feeling"; not a purely cognitive state, either not simply a recognition of the fact that we are fatigued but a state of disinclination to work any longer. Though fatigue is thus so much like an emotion that it fits under our definition, it is not called an emotion, but a sensation or complex of sensations....
         Many other organic states are akin to emotion in the same way. The opposite of fatigue, the "warmed-up" condition, brought on by a certain amount of activity after rest, is a case in point. It is a deviation from the average or neutral condition, in the direction of greater readiness for activity. The warmed-up person feels ready for business, full of "ginger" or "pep" in short, full of life. The name "euphoria", which means about the same as "feeling good", is given to this condition. Drowsiness is another of these emotion-like states; but hunger and thirst are as typical examples as any.     publikacija otvorenog pristupa - besplatna za čitanje
  17. ↑ Keats AS, Beecher HK (1952). "Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 105 (2): 210–215. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)05029-3. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 14928223. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 9. 2016. Pristupljeno 17. 9. 2016. [Footnote 3] Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term "euphoria". We use it here in the sense of a train of effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of "feeling of well-being", as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'.
     • Isbell H, Vogel VH (1949). "The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 105 (12): 909–914. doi:10.1176/ajp.105.12.909. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 18127077.
     • Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK (1989). "4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs". u Fischman MW, Mello NK (ured.). Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. 92. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
  18. ↑ Cahal DA (1957). "Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 12 (1): 97–99. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x. ISSN 0366-0826. PMC 1509651. PMID 13413158. Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.
  19. ↑ Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J (1977). A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry (jezik: engleski). Springer Science & Business Media. str. 152. ISBN 978-94-011-5913-5 – preko Google books. A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.
         It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.).
  20. ↑ "definition of euphoria in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Arhivirano s originala, 28. 7. 2016. Pristupljeno 16. 12. 2016. a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness
     • "definition of euphoria". Dictionary.com. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 12. 2016. Pristupljeno 16. 12. 2016. a state of intense happiness and self-confidence
         (psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania
     • Sadock B, Sadock V (2009). Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (9th izd.). str. 411–412, 923. Refers to a persistent and unrealistic sense of well-being, without the increased mental or motor rate of mania.
         Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.
     • Mosby's Medical Dictionary (8th izd.). 2009. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 7. 2017. Pristupljeno 29. 12. 2016. 1. a feeling or state of well-being or elation.
         2. an exaggerated or abnormal sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality or truth, disproportionate to its cause, and inappropriate to the situation, as commonly seen in the manic stage of bipolar disorder, some forms of schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and toxic and drug-induced states
  21. ↑ Schultz W (2015). "Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data". Physiological Reviews. 95 (3): 853–951. doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014. PMC 4491543. PMID 26109341. The feeling of high that is experienced by sports people during running or swimming, the lust evoked by encountering a ready mating partner, a sexual orgasm, the euphoria reported by drug users, and the parental affection to babies constitute different forms (qualities) rather than degrees of pleasure (quantities).

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