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Genocid u Pojasu Gaze

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Genocid u Gazi
[[Datoteka:
Od vrha ka dnu, s lijeva na desno:
  • Razaranje u sjevernoj Gazi, februar 2025.
  • Uništeno vozilo hitne pomoći palestinskog Crvenog polumjeseca, januar 2024.
  • Palestinski civili primaju pomoć na podu pretrpanog odjela hitne pomoći bolnice el-Shifa u gradu Gazi, oktobar 2023.
  • Uništena džamija, februar 2025.
  • Djeca prikupljaju pomoć u hrani, august 2024.
|250px]]
LokacijaPojas Gaze
MetaPalestinci
Vrsta napadaGenocid, kolektivno kažnjavanje, masovna ubistva, etničko čišćenje, prisilno raseljavanje, bombardovanje, ciljana ubistva, izgladnjivanje kao metoda rata, mučenje, silovanje
Mrtvih
  • Najmanje 72.900 direktno ubijenih (smrtni slučajevi od traumatskih povreda) [a]
    • 463 smrtnih slučajeva od gladi (potvrđeno, novembar 2025)[10][11]
  • Više od 10.000 smrtnih slučajeva od gladi (procjena)[12]
    • Pretpostavlja se da je 10.000 zatrpano pod ruševinama[13]

Genocid u Gazi je kontinuirano,[14] namjerno i sistematsko uništavanje palestinskog naroda u Pojasu Gaze koje provodi Izrael tokom rata u Gazi. Obuhvata masovna ubistva, namjerno izgladnjivanje, nanošenje teških tjelesnih i mentalnih povreda i sprječavanje rađanja. Ostali činovi uključuju blokadu, uništavanje civilne infrastrukture, uništavanje zdravstvenih ustanova, ubijanje zdravstvenih radnika i tražitelja pomoći, izazivanje masovnog prisilnog raseljavanja, činjenje seksualnog nasilja i uništavanje obrazovnih, vjerskih i kulturnih mjesta.[15] Genocid su priznali posebni komitet Ujedinjenih nacija[16] i istražna komisija,[15] Međunarodno udruženje stručnjaka za genocid,[17][18] više grupa za ljudska prava,[b] državne vlade, brojni stručnjaci za studije genocida i međunarodno pravo,[24][25] i drugi stručnjaci.[26]

Zaključno s decembrom 2025, u Gazi je ubijeno najmanje 70.117 ljudi.[13][27] Velika većina žrtava bili su civili,[28][29] a oko 50% su bile žene i djeca.[30][31] U poređenju s drugim nedavnim globalnim sukobima, broj poznatih smrtnih slučajeva novinara, humanitarnih i zdravstvenih radnika i djece je među najvećima.[32] Smatra se da se hiljade nebrojenih tijela nalaze pod ruševinama uništenih zgrada.[29][33] Studija u medicinskom časopisu The Lancet procijenila je da su smrtni slučajevi od traumatskih povreda bili nedovoljno brojni do juna 2024, uz napomenu da je potencijalni broj smrtnih slučajeva od traumatskih povreda bio podcijenjen, uključujući i indirektne smrti.[34] Broj povrijeđenih je veći od 171.000.[1][35][36] Gaza ima najviše djece s amputiranim udovima po glavi stanovnika na svijetu;[37] rat u Gazi uzrokovao je da je više od 21.000 djece postalo invalidno.[38] U julu 2025, zdravstvene vlasti u Gazi su na popisu poginulih u ratu navele 18.457 djece, isključujući indirektne smrti i one zakopane pod ruševinama.[39]

Izraelska blokada je uveliko doprinijela gladi i potvrđenoj gladi. U augustu 2025, oko 641.000 ljudi iskusilo je katastrofalne nivoe nesigurnosti u pogledu hrane.[40][41] Na početku sukoba, Izrael je prekinuo opskrbu vodom i strujom u Gazi. Kasnije je djelimično obnovio vodosnabdijevanje.[42] Od maja 2024. godine, 84% zdravstvenih centara u Gazi je uništeno ili oštećeno.[43] Izrael je također uništio brojna mjesta kulturne baštine, uključujući svih 12 univerziteta u Gazi i 80% škola.[44][45] Preko 1,9 miliona Palestinaca - 85% stanovništva Gaze - je prisilno raseljeno.[46] Izraelsko bombardovanje je također uzrokovalo ozbiljnu ekološku devastaciju širom teritorije.[47]

Vlada Južnoafričke Republike pokrenula je postupak, Južnoafrička Republika protiv Izraela, na Međunarodnom sudu pravde (ICJ), navodeći kršenje Konvencije o genocidu.[48] U početnoj presudi, ICJ je smatrao da Južnoafrička Republika ima pravo da pokrene svoj slučaj protiv Izraela, dok je Palestincima priznato da imaju "uvjerljivo pravo da budu zaštićeni od genocida"[49] koji se suočava sa stvarnim rizikom od nepopravljive štete. Sud je naložio Izraelu da poštuje svoje obaveze prema Konvenciji o genocidu poduzimajući sve mjere koje su u njegovoj moći da spriječi počinjenje djela genocida, da spriječi i kazni poticanje na genocid, te da omogući osnovne humanitarne usluge u Gazi.[50][51][52] Sud je također kasnije naredio Izraelu da poveća humanitarnu pomoć u Gazi i da spriječi genocidna djela tokom ofanzive na Rafah.[53][54] Izraelska vlada je odbacila navode Južnoafričke Republike[52] i tvrdila da se Izrael brani.[55][56] Izraelske pristalice kažu da je optuživanje Izraela za genocid antisemitsko,[57][58] ali drugi tvrde da su optužbe za antisemitizam način da se zaštiti Izrael od takvih optužbi.[59][60] U početnoj presudi, ICJ je utvrdio da Južnoafrička Republika ima pravo pokrenuti svoj slučaj, dok je Palestincima priznato pravo na zaštitu od genocida.[49] Sud je naredio Izraelu da preduzme sve mjere u svojoj moći kako bi spriječio počinjenje djela genocida, spriječio i kaznio podsticanje na genocid i omogućio osnovne humanitarne usluge, pomoć i zalihe u Gazi.[50][61][55] Sud je kasnije naredio Izraelu da poveća humanitarnu pomoć Gazi i zaustavi ofanzivu na Rafah.[62][63] Izrael nije postupio u skladu sa nalozima suda[64][65][66] i umjesto toga je nastavio ofanzivu na Rafah raseljavanjem stanovnika grada i rušenjem hiljada zgrada.[67][68]

"Namjera uništenja" je neophodan uslov za ispunjavanje zakonskog praga genocida. Razni naučnici tvrde da je namjera uništenja dokazana izjavama izraelskih zvaničnika i izraelskom politikom i ponašanjem,[69][70][71] dok se drugi ne slažu.

Palestinci naglašavaju vezu između genocida u Gazi i cionizma i njegovog političkog nasilja, opisujući ga kao nastavak Nakbe i njenih kontinuiranih posljedica. Izrael i njegove pristalice tvrde da njegovi postupci ne predstavljaju genocid,[55][72] da su odgovor na napade 7. oktobra i da je cilj Izraela bio uništiti Hamas i osloboditi izraelske taoce.[73][55][74] Postoji sve veći konsenzus među stručnjacima za genocid i međunarodno pravo o procjeni genocida,[24] iako neki akademici i zemlje to osporavaju.[75][76][77]

Pozadina

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Arapsko-izraelski rat 1948. doveo je do uspostavljanja Izraela u većini onoga što je bila Mandatna Palestina, s izuzetkom dvije odvojene teritorije koje su postale poznate kao Zapadna obala i Pojas Gaze, koje su držali Jordan i Egipat. Nakon Šestodnevnog rata 1967, Izrael je okupirao palestinske teritorije Zapadne obale i pojasa Gaze.[78] U narednom periodu došlo je do dva narodna ustanka Palestinaca protiv izraelske okupacije; Prva i Druga intifada, 1987. i 2000.[79] Potonji je okončan jednostranim povlačenjem Izraela iz Gaze 2005.[80][81]

Od 2007. Pojasom Gaze upravlja Hamas, islamistička militantna grupa, dok je Zapadna obala ostala pod kontrolom palestinskih vlasti predvođenih Fatahom. Nakon što je Hamas preuzeo vlast, Izrael je uveo blokadu pojasa Gaze[82][83] što je značajno oštetilo njegovu ekonomiju.[84] Izrael je opravdao blokadu navodeći bezbjednosne brige,[85] ali su međunarodne grupe za ljudska prava nazvale blokadu oblikom kolektivne kazne.[86][87][88] Agencija Ujedinjenih nacija za pomoć palestinskim izbjeglicama na Bliskom istoku je izvijestila da je, zbog blokade, 81% stanovnika Gaze živjelo ispod nivoa siromaštva 2023, sa 63% nesigurno hrane i ovisno o međunarodnoj pomoći.[89][90]

Od 2007. Izrael i Hamas, zajedno sa drugim palestinskim militantnim grupama sa sjedištem u Gazi, sudjeluju u sukobima,[83][85][91] uključujući četiri rata 2008–2009, 2012, 2014 i 2021.[92][93] U ovim sukobima ubijeno je oko 6.400 Palestinaca i 300 Izraelaca.[89][94][95] U periodu 2018–2019. održani su veliki sedmični organizirani protesti u blizini granice Gaze i Izraela, koje je nasilno ugušio Izrael, čiji su snajperisti ubili stotine i ranili hiljade Palestinaca.[96][97] Ubrzo nakon početka izraelsko-palestinske krize 2021., Hamasovo vojno krilo, Brigade Al-Kasam, počelo je planiranje operacije protiv Izraela 7. oktobra 2023.[98][99] Prema diplomatama, Hamas je više puta govorio u mjesecima prije oktobra 2023. da ne želi novu vojnu eskalaciju u Gazi jer bi to pogoršalo humanitarnu krizu koja se dogodila nakon sukoba 2021.[88]

Dana 7. oktobra 2023, Hamas je predvodio napad na Izrael iz Gaze,[100][101][102] što je rezultiralo sa najmanje 1.139[103][104][c] smrtnih slučajeva, većinom civila.[109] Izrael je odgovorio veoma destruktivnom[110] kampanjom bombardovanja praćenom invazijom na pojas Gaze 27. oktobra.[111] Neki naučnici su tvrdili da je postojao genocid nad Palestincima prije napada 7. oktobra, ali je izraelska vojna kampanja u Gazi okarakterizirana kao genocidna od strane Južnoafričke Republike i drugih pristalica argumenta o genocidu.[112][113]

Zvaničnici Hamasa rekli su da je napad bio odgovor na izraelsku okupaciju, blokadu pojasa Gaze, nasilje izraelskih naseljenika nad Palestincima, ograničenja kretanja Palestinaca i zatvaranje hiljada Palestinaca, koje je Hamas pokušao osloboditi zauzimanjem Izraelskih taoca.[114][115][116] Brojni komentatori su identifikovali širi kontekst izraelske okupacije kao uzrok rata.[117][118][119] Associated Press je pisao da su Palestinci "u očaju zbog beskrajne okupacije Zapadne obale i zagušljive blokade Gaze".[120] Nekoliko organizacija za ljudska prava, uključujući Amnesty International,[121] B'Tselem,[122] i Human Rights Watch[123] uporedilo je izraelsku okupaciju sa apartheidom; Izraelske pristalice osporavaju ovu karakterizaciju.[124][125] Savjetodavno mišljenje Međunarodnog suda pravde objavljeno u julu 2024. potvrdilo je da je okupacija nezakonita i da se time krši član 3. Međunarodne konvencije o eliminaciji svih oblika rasne diskriminacije, koja zabranjuje rasnu segregaciju i apartheid.[126]

Bilješke

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  1. ↑ Ukupan broj smrtnih slučajeva od 7. oktobra prema podacima Ministarstva zdravstva Gaze,[1] koje nezavisne organizacije smatraju pouzdanim[2][3][4][5] i izraelskih sigurnosnih zvaničnika[6][7][8] Javno objavljeni podaci Ministarstva su zbirni i uključuju i civile i borce.[5][9]
  2. ↑ Amnesty International,[19] Doctors Without Borders,[20] B'Tselem,[21] Physicians for Human Rights–Israel,[22] International Federation for Human Rights.[23]
  3. ↑ Nije jasno koliko je smrtnih slučajeva bilo rezultat prijateljske vatre ili Hanibalove direktive. U članku na Ynetu navodi se da je tokom napada 7. oktobra postojao "ogroman i složen broj" incidenata s prijateljskom vatrom od strane IDF-a.[105][106][107][108]

Reference

[uredi | uredi izvor]
  1. 1 2 "Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (10 June 2026)". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 12. 6. 2026. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2026. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2026.
  2. ↑ Gómez-Ugarte et al. 2025, str. 2.
  3. ↑ Maad 2024.
  4. ↑ Prothero 2024.
  5. 1 2 Debre, Isabel (6. 11. 2023). "What is Gaza's Ministry of Health and how does it calculate the war's death toll?". Associated Press. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2025.
  6. ↑ Johnson, Dan (29. 1. 2026). "Israeli media cite official accepting Hamas figure of 70,000 war dead". BBC News. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 3. 2026.
  7. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (29. 1. 2026). "IDF believes 70,000 Gazans killed in war, as claimed by Hamas; civilian-combatant ratio unclear". Times of Israel. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 3. 2026.
  8. ↑ Borger, Julian (12. 9. 2025). "'We took the gloves off': ex-IDF chief confirms Gaza casualties over 200,000". The Guardian. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 3. 2026.
  9. ↑ Hofmann, Sarah Judith (3. 7. 2025). "Gaza: What is the actual death toll, and how can we be sure?". Deutsche Welle. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 3. 2026. Pristupljeno 13. 12. 2025.
  10. ↑ "Key statistics – November 13, 2025". Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip. Institute for Palestine Studies. 13. 11. 2025. Arhivirano s originala, 19. 12. 2025. Pristupljeno 8. 12. 2025.
  11. ↑ "Gaza Health Ministry: 151 Martyrs in the Last 24 Hours". Sada News Agency. 11. 10. 2025. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 12. 2025. Pristupljeno 8. 12. 2025.
  12. ↑ de Waal, Alex (28. 8. 2025). "How Many People Have Died of Famine in Gaza? (Updated)". World Peace Foundation. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 11. 2025.
  13. 1 2 Graham-Harrison, Emma (30. 1. 2026). "Israel accepts health authorities' Gaza death toll is broadly accurate, saying 70,000 have died". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0261-3077. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2026. Pristupljeno 31. 1. 2026.
  14. ↑
  15. 1 2 "Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (jezik: engleski). 16. 9. 2025. Arhivirano s originala, 25. 9. 2025. Pristupljeno 21. 9. 2025.
  16. ↑ Pieris, Mohan (19. 11. 2024). A genocide is unfolding before our eyes: History will not forgive our inaction, UN Special Committee warns General Assembly 4th Committee report (Speech) (jezik: engleski). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 4. 2025. Pristupljeno 9. 4. 2025. Our findings conclude that Israel's methods of war align with the characteristics of genocide ... Our report leaves no room for ambiguity. A genocide is unfolding before our eyes. Failing to act now—failing to put an end to this atrocity crime—will tear apart the very foundation of the international rule of law we have collectively built to protect peace, security, and the well-being of all. Our inaction today is setting a perilous precedent for tomorrow. Think about it.
  17. ↑ van den Berg, Stephanie (1. 9. 2025). "Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, scholars' association says". Reuters. Pristupljeno 1. 9. 2025.
  18. ↑ "IAGS Resolution on the Situation in Gaza" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. 31. 8. 2025. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 2. 9. 2025. Pristupljeno 1. 9. 2025.
  19. ↑ Amnesty International report 2024, str. 13: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."
  20. ↑ Médecins Sans Frontières 2025: "Our decision to describe what's happening in Gaza as a 'genocide' is based on nearly two years of extensive, firsthand information from our teams, who are witnessing massive levels of death and destruction by Israeli forces, a campaign of ethnic cleansing and the almost total dismantling of the health care system."
  21. ↑ B'Tselem 2025, str. 86: "The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid—all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip."
  22. ↑ Kottasová, Ivana; Salman, Abeer (28. 7. 2025). "For first time, two leading Israeli human rights groups accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza". CNN (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 28. 7. 2025. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2025.
  23. ↑ "The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately". International Federation for Human Rights. 12. 12. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 16. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 13. 12. 2023.
  24. 1 2
    • Sultany 2024, str. 4 : "Although legal scholars and commentators were slow to recognize the severity and urgency of the situation, this article sought to show that there is an emerging consensus that Israel's actions in Gaza are not another instance of armed conflict but instead amount to genocide"
    • Swart 2025, str. 3: "South Africa's actions led to an ever-growing consensus in international legal circles that Israel is committing genocide"
    • Lederman 2025, str. 1: "Roughly since mid-2024, there seems to have emerged a broad agreement among genocide scholars—at least those who have expressed their views on the matter—that this is indeed the case ... What followed seems to be a similar broad agreement emerging among legal scholars that this is indeed a genocide, and even those who are still hesitating find the genocide charges much more convincing."
    • Shaw 2025b, str. 3: "By the end of 2024, when Amnesty International published a comprehensively evidenced and legally argued case,17 the consensus that Israel was committing genocide was becoming overwhelming"
    • Gessen 2024: "Trachtenberg testified to a consensus opinion among historians of genocide that what is happening in Gaza can indeed be called a genocide, largely because the intent to cause death on a massive scale has been so clear in the statements of Israeli officials"
    • Bouranova 2024: "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."
  25. ↑
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ "Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 December 2025)". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 3. 12. 2025. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 12. 2025.
  28. ↑ Schwarz 2024.
  29. 1 2 Tantesh i Graham-Harrison 2024.
  30. ↑ Spagat, Mike (28. 5. 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 10. 7. 2024. Pristupljeno 10. 7. 2024.
  31. ↑ Graham-Harrison 2024a.
  32. ↑
  33. ↑ Massoud i Fick 2023.
  34. ↑ Jamaluddine et al. 2025: "We estimated 64,260 deaths (95% CI 55 298–78 525) due to traumatic injury during the study period, suggesting the Palestinian MoH under-reported mortality by 41%. ... Our findings underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."
  35. ↑ Burke, Jason (27. 8. 2025). "A third of outpatients treated for wounds at MSF's Gaza hospitals in 2024 were children, figures show". The Guardian. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 9. 2025.
  36. ↑ Gómez-Ugarte et al. 2025, str. 13.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑ "Middle East crisis: at least 21,000 children disabled in Gaza during war, says UN committee – as it happened". The Guardian. 3. 9. 2025. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 4. 2026. Pristupljeno 7. 9. 2025.
  39. ↑ "Young lives cut short on an unimaginable scale: the 18,457 children on Gaza's list of war dead". The Guardian. 8. 10. 2025. Pristupljeno 15. 6. 2026.
  40. ↑ IPC Report August 2025, str. 1.
  41. ↑ Kekatos, Mary (23. 8. 2025). "Famine determined in parts of Gaza, 500,000 experiencing 'catastrophic' hunger: Report". ABC News. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 12. 2025. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2025.
  42. ↑ Ravid, Barak (15. 10. 2023). "Israel resumes water supply to southern Gaza after U.S. pressure". Axios. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 9. 2025. Pristupljeno 18. 9. 2025.
  43. ↑ Neuman, Baba i Wood 2024.
  44. ↑ "UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 18. 4. 2024. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 4. 2024.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ "UN: Gaza 'catastrophe' threatens to raise record global displacement". Al Jazeera. 13. 12. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 10. 11. 2025. Pristupljeno 10. 11. 2025.
  47. ↑ Ahmed, Kaamil; Gayle, Damien; Mousa, Aseel (29. 3. 2024). "'Ecocide in Gaza': does scale of environmental destruction amount to a war crime?". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 1. 1. 2026. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2025.
  48. ↑ Application Instituting Proceedings (PDF), Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 (ICJ 29 December 2023), archived from the original on 5 January 2024.
  49. 1 2 Donoghue 2024, 5:10 ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").
  50. 1 2 Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024).
  51. ↑ Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder (27. 1. 2024). "ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations". NPR. Arhivirano s originala, 28. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2024.
  52. 1 2 Casciani, Dominic (16. 5. 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?". BBC (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 17. 5. 2024.
  53. ↑ Casciani, Dominic (28. 5. 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean?". BBC News. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 5. 2024.
  54. ↑ Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid; Motamedi, Maziar (28. 3. 2024). "ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid". Al Jazeera. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 4. 2024. Pristupljeno 2. 4. 2024.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Casciani 2024a.
  56. ↑ Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  57. ↑ "'Not only false, it's outrageous': Netanyahu rejects Gaza genocide charges". NBC News. 26. 1. 2024. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2024.
  58. ↑ Pollard, Stephen (10. 5. 2024). "No, Israel isn't committing genocide". The Daily Telegraph (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0307-1235. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 5. 2024. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2024.
  59. ↑ Segal, Raz (14. 5. 2024). "How Weaponizing Antisemitism Puts Jews at Risk". Time (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 14. 9. 2024. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2024.
  60. ↑ Cook, Jonathan (7. 3. 2024). "How the 'fight against antisemitism' became a shield for genocide". Middle East Eye (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 12. 7. 2024. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2024.
  61. ↑ Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  62. ↑ Casciani 2024b.
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  67. ↑ Hasson, Nir; Michaeli, Yarden; Scharf, Avi (12. 6. 2025). "Rafah Is Gone. Razed to the Ground. And It's Not the Only City Wiped Out by the Israeli Army". haaretz.com. Haaretz. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2025.
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  75. ↑ Moses 2025, str. 1, 10–13.
  76. ↑ Greška kod citiranja: Nevaljana oznaka <ref>; nije naveden tekst za reference s imenom "Ayad 2025"
  77. ↑ Greška kod citiranja: Nevaljana oznaka <ref>; nije naveden tekst za reference s imenom "ICJ_2026_6"
  78. ↑ El Deeb, Sarah (9. 10. 2023). "What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel". Associated Press. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 5. 12. 2023.
  79. ↑ "Intifada". Encyclopedia Britannica. 23. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2023.
  80. ↑ "Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories". International Committee of the Red Cross. 13. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2023.
  81. ↑ "Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know". NBC News. 9. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2023.
  82. ↑ Perry, Tom; McDowall, Angus (7. 10. 2023). Harvey, Jan (ured.). "Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza". Reuters. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2023.
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  86. ↑
  87. ↑ Ackerman, Seth (4. 1. 2024). "There was an Iron Wall in Gaza". Jacobin. Arhivirano s originala, 5. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2024. The unemployment rate soared to "probably the highest in the world", four-fifths of the population were forced to rely on humanitarian assistance, three-quarters became dependent on food aid, more than half faced "acute food insecurity", one in ten children were stunted by malnutrition, and over 96 percent of potable water became unsafe for human consumption.
  88. 1 2 Abdulrahim, Raja (7. 10. 2023). "Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade". The New York Times. Arhivirano s originala, 24. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2023.
  89. 1 2 Alfonseca, Kiara (11. 10. 2023). "Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel–Gaza crossfire as death toll rises". ABC News. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  90. ↑ "The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade". UNICEF. juni 2022. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2023.
  91. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (7. 10. 2023). "Why did Hamas invade Israel?". Vox. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023.
  92. ↑ "These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel–Gaza war". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19. 11. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2024.
  93. ↑ Tan, Joanna (12. 11. 2023). "Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years". CNBC. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 7. 3. 2024.
  94. ↑ "Where We Work. Gaza Strip". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Arhivirano s originala, 12. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  95. ↑ "Data on casualties". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (OCHAoPt). Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  96. ↑ "Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the "Great March of Return" are Still Struggling". un.org. United Nations. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2024. Pristupljeno 5. 3. 2024.
  97. ↑ Fayyad, Huthifa (30. 3. 2019). "Gaza's Great March of Return protests explained". Al Jazeera. Arhivirano s originala, 17. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 5. 3. 2024.
  98. ↑ Klein, Menachem (28. 11. 2023). "Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost". +972 magazine. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 11. 2023.
  99. ↑ "Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years". The Wall Street Journal. 14. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 4. 12. 2023.
  100. ↑ "Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem'". Arab News. Associated Press and Reuters. 8. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 10. 2023. The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.
  101. ↑ CBC 2023.
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  105. ↑ Zitun, Yoav (12. 12. 2023). "One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports". Ynetnews (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 14. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 15. 12. 2023. Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.
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  107. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Zitun, Yoav (10. 1. 2024). "ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים" [The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them]. Ynet (jezik: hebrejski). Arhivirano s originala, 24. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 12. 1. 2024.
  108. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Zitun, Yoav (12. 1. 2024). "השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה" [The first hours of Black Saturday]. Yedioth Ahronoth (jezik: hebrejski). Arhivirano s originala, 18. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2024.
  109. ↑ "Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths". France 24. 15. 12. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2024.
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  111. ↑ Segal i Daniele 2024, str. 6.
  112. ↑ Jamshidi 2024, str. 1–4.
  113. ↑ Semerdjian 2024, str. 3–4.
  114. ↑ "Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance'". Al Jazeera. 7. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 8. 10. 2023.
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  116. ↑ Pacchiani, Luca (7. 10. 2023). "Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners". The Times of Israel. Pristupljeno 25. 10. 2023.
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  118. ↑ Schenker, Hillel (12. 10. 2023). "The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen?". The Nation. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 31. 12. 2023.
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  121. ↑ Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity (PDF) (Report). Amnesty International. januar 2022. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 1. 2. 2022. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023.
  122. ↑ "A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid". B'Tselem. 12. 1. 2021. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 5. 2021. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023. A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.
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  126. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (19. 7. 2024). "UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0261-3077. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 7. 2024. Pristupljeno 25. 9. 2024.

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