HSPE1
Cpn10 | |
---|---|
Identifikatori | |
Simbol | Cpn10 |
Protein 1 toplotnog šoka od 10 kDa (Hsp10), poznat i kao šaperonin 10 (cpn10) ili faktor rane trudnoće (EPF), je protein koji u ljudi je kodiran genom HSPE1. Homolog u E. coli je GroES, šaperonin koji obično djeluje zajedno sa GroEL-om.[5]
Struktura i funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]GroES postoji u obliku oligomernog prstena između šest i osam identičnih podjedinica, dok šaperonin od 60 kDa (cpn60 ili groEL) u bakterijama tvori sekundarnu strukturu koja se sastoji od dva naslagana prstena, od kojih svaki sadrži po sedam identičnih podjedinica.[6] Ove prstenaste strukture sastavljaju se samostimulacijom u prisustvu Mg2+-ATP. Centralna šupljina cilindričnog cpn60 tetradekamera pruža izolirano okruženje za presavijanje proteina, dok je cpn-10 vezan na cpn-60 i sinhronizira oslobađanje presavijenih proteina, ovisano o Mg2+-ATP.[7] Molekulskoo vezivanje cpn10 na cpn60 hibira slaba aktivnost ATPaze cpn60.
Također se pokazalo da GroES u Escherichia coli kooperativno veže ATP, sa afinitetom uporedivim sa GroEL-ovim.[8] Svaka podjedinica GroEL-a sadrži tri strukturno različita domena: apikalni, srednji i ekvatorski. Apikalni domena sadrži vezujuće mjesto i za GroES i za nerazvijeni proteinski supstrat. Ekvatorijalna domen sadrži ATP-vezujuće mjesto i većinu oligomernih kontakata. Srednji domen povezuje apikalni i ekvatorski domen i prenosi alosternne informacije između njih. GroEL-ni oligomer je tetradekamer, cilindričnog oblika, organiziran u dva heptamerna prstena složena jedan na drugi. Svaki prsten GroEL-a sadrži centralnu šupljinu, poznatu kao "Anfinsenov kafez", koji pruža izolirano okruženje za savijanje proteina. Identične podjedinice GroES od 10 kDa, u rast voru formiraju kupolasti heptamerni oligomer. Vezanje ATP za GroES može biti važno za punjenje sedam podjedinica interaktivnog GroEL prstena sa ATP, kako bi se olakšalo kooperativno vezanje ATP i hidroliza za oslobađanje proteinskog supstrata.
Detekcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Faktor rane trudnoće ispitivan je testom inhibicije rozete. EPF je prisutan u majčinom serumu (krvna plazma) nedugo nakon oplodnje; EPF je prisutan i u sluz grlića maternice[9] i u amnionskoj tekućini.[10]
Kod ovaca, EPF se može otkriti u roku od 72 sata nakon parenja,[11] kod miša – nakon 24 sata,[12] a u uzorcima iz medija koji okružuju ljudske embrione oplođene in vitro, u roku od 48 sati od oplodnje[13] (iako druga studija nije uspjela ponoviti ovaj nalaz za embrione in vitro).[14]> EPF je otkriven u roku od šest sati nakon parenja.[15]
Budući da je inhibicijski esej rozete za EPF posredan, supstance koje imaju slične efekte mogu biti zbunjujće. Pokazalo se da svinjska sperma, poput EPF, inhibira stvaranje rozeta – ovaj esej bio je pozitivan jedan dan kod krmača parenih s vazektomiziranim nerastom, ali ne i kod krmača slično stimuliranih bez izlaganja sjemenu.[16] Brojne studije, u godinama nakon otkrića EPF-a, nisu mogle kod žena reproducirati dosljedno otkrivanje EPF-a nakon začeća, a valjanost eksperimenta prilikom otkrića dovedena je u pitanje.[17] Međutim, postignut je napredak u karakterizaciji EPF-a i njegovo je postojanje dobro je prihvaćeno u naučnoj zajednici.[18][19]
Porijeklo
[uredi | uredi izvor]Ne vjeruje se da rani embrioni direktno proizvode EPF. Umjesto toga, smatra se da proizvode neku drugu hemikaliju koja inducira majčin sistem da stvori EPF.[20][21][22][23][24] Nakon implantacije, conceptus može direktno proizvesti EPF.[14]
EPF je imunosupresiv. Uz ostale supstance povezane s ranim embrionima, vjeruje se da EPF ima ulogu u sprečavanju da imunski sistem trudne žene napadne embrion.[15][25] Injektiranje antitijela na EPF miševa nakon parenja, značajno smanjuje broj uspješnih trudnoća i broj mladunaca sa anti-EPF;[26][27] nije opažen efekat na rast kada su miševi kultivirani u medijima koji sadrže anti-EPF antitijela.[28] Iako su neke aktivnosti EPF-a jednake kod svih sisara (inhibicija rozeta), drugi imunosupresivni mehanizmi variraju među vrstama.[29]
U miševa, razine EPF su visoke u ranoj trudnoći, ali 15. dana opadaju na nivoe koji su pronađeni u netrudnih mišica.[30] U žena, nivoi EPF su visoki tokom prvih dvadeset nedelja, a zatim opadaju i postaju neotkriveni tokom osam sedmica od porođaja.[31][32]
Kod ljudi, savremeni test trudnoće otkriva horionski gonadotropin (hCG), tek nakon implantacije, koja se javlja šest do dvanaest dana nakon oplodnje.[33] Nasuprot tome, EPF je prisutan u roku od nekoliko sati nakon oplodnje. Iako je identificirano nekoliko drugih signala prije implantacije, vjeruje se da je EPF najraniji mogući marker trudnoće.[12][34] Nekoliko studija je utvrdilo da je tačnost EPF kao testa trudnoće kod ljudi visoka.[35][36][37][38]
Kao tumorski marker
[uredi | uredi izvor]Iako je gotovo isključivo povezana sa trudnoćom, aktivnost slična EPF-u otkrivena je i kod tumora klicnog porijekla[39][40] i kod drugih tipova tumora.[41] Predloženo je da može biti koristan kao tumorski marker za procjenu uspjeha hirurškog liječenja.[42]
Interakcije
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pokazano je da GroES ima interakcije sa GroEL-om.[43][44]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115541 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000073676 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: HSPE1 heat shock 10kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10)".
- ^ Hemmingsen SM, Woolford C, van der Vies SM, Tilly K, Dennis DT, Georgopoulos CP, Hendrix RW, Ellis RJ (maj 1988). "Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly". Nature. 333 (6171): 330–4. doi:10.1038/333330a0. PMID 2897629.
- ^ Schmidt A, Schiesswohl M, Völker U, Hecker M, Schumann W (juni 1992). "Cloning, sequencing, mapping, and transcriptional analysis of the groESL operon from Bacillus subtilis". J. Bacteriol. 174 (12): 3993–9. doi:10.1128/jb.174.12.3993-3999.1992. PMC 206108. PMID 1350777.
- ^ Martin J, Geromanos S, Tempst P, Hartl FU (novembar 1993). "Identification of nucleotide-binding regions in the chaperonin proteins GroEL and GroES". Nature. 366 (6452): 279–82. doi:10.1038/366279a0. PMID 7901771.
- ^ Cheng SJ, Zheng ZQ (Feb 2004). "Early pregnancy factor in cervical mucus of pregnant women". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 51 (2): 102–5. doi:10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00136.x. PMID 14748834.
- ^ Zheng ZQ, Qin ZH, Ma AY, Qiao CX, Wang H (1990). "Detection of early pregnancy factor-like activity in human amniotic fluid". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 22 (1–2): 9–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb01025.x. PMID 2346595.
- ^ Morton H, Clunie GJ, Shaw FD (Mar 1979). "A test for early pregnancy in sheep". Research in Veterinary Science. 26 (2): 261–2. doi:10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32933-3. PMID 262615.
- ^ a b Cavanagh AC, Morton H, Rolfe BE, Gidley-Baird AA (Apr 1982). "Ovum factor: a first signal of pregnancy?". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2 (2): 97–101. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1982.tb00093.x. PMID 7102890.
- ^ Smart YC, Cripps AW, Clancy RL, Roberts TK, Lopata A, Shutt DA (Jan 1981). "Detection of an immunosuppressive factor in human preimplantation embryo cultures". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (2): 78–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135326.x. PMID 7231254.
- ^ a b Nahhas F, Barnea E (1990). "Human embryonic origin early pregnancy factor before and after implantation". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 22 (3–4): 105–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00651.x. PMID 2375830.
- ^ a b Shaw FD, Morton H (Mar 1980). "The immunological approach to pregnancy diagnosis: a review". The Veterinary Record. 106 (12): 268–70. doi:10.1136/vr.106.12.268. PMID 6966439.
- ^ Koch E, Ellendorff F (maj 1985). "Detection of activity similar to that of early pregnancy factor after mating sows with a vasectomized boar". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 74 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0740039. PMID 4020773.
- ^ Chard T, Grudzinskas JG (1987). "Early pregnancy factor". Biological Research in Pregnancy and Perinatology. 8 (2 2D Half): 53–6. PMID 3322417.
- ^ Di Trapani G, Orosco C, Perkins A, Clarke F (Mar 1991). "Isolation from human placental extracts of a preparation possessing 'early pregnancy factor' activity and identification of the polypeptide components". Human Reproduction. 6 (3): 450–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137357. PMID 1955557.
- ^ Cavanagh AC (Jan 1996). "Identification of early pregnancy factor as chaperonin 10: implications for understanding its role". Reviews of Reproduction. 1 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1530/ror.0.0010028. PMID 9414435.
- ^ Orozco C, Perkins T, Clarke FM (Nov 1986). "Platelet-activating factor induces the expression of early pregnancy factor activity in female mice". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 78 (2): 549–55. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0780549. PMID 3806515.
- ^ Roberts TK, Adamson LM, Smart YC, Stanger JD, Murdoch RN (maj 1987). "An evaluation of peripheral blood platelet enumeration as a monitor of fertilization and early pregnancy". Fertility and Sterility. 47 (5): 848–54. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59177-8. PMID 3569561.
- ^ Sueoka K, Dharmarajan AM, Miyazaki T, Atlas SJ, Wallach EE (Dec 1988). "Platelet activating factor-induced early pregnancy factor activity from the perfused rabbit ovary and oviduct". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 159 (6): 1580–4. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(88)90598-4. PMID 3207134.
- ^ Cavanagh AC, Morton H, Athanasas-Platsis S, Quinn KA, Rolfe BE (Jan 1991). "Identification of a putative inhibitor of early pregnancy factor in mice". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 91 (1): 239–48. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0910239. PMID 1995852.
- ^ Cavanagh AC, Rolfe BE, Athanasas-Platsis S, Quinn KA, Morton H (Nov 1991). "Relationship between early pregnancy factor, mouse embryo-conditioned medium and platelet-activating factor". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 93 (2): 355–65. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0930355. PMID 1787455.
- ^ Bose R, Cheng H, Sabbadini E, McCoshen J, MaHadevan MM, Fleetham J (Apr 1989). "Purified human early pregnancy factor from preimplantation embryo possesses immunosuppresive properties". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 160 (4): 954–60. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90316-5. PMID 2712125.
- ^ Igarashi S (Feb 1987). "[Significance of early pregnancy factor (EPF) on reproductive immunology]". Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 39 (2): 189–94. PMID 2950188.
- ^ Athanasas-Platsis S, Quinn KA, Wong TY, Rolfe BE, Cavanagh AC, Morton H (Nov 1989). "Passive immunization of pregnant mice against early pregnancy factor causes loss of embryonic viability". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 87 (2): 495–502. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0870495. PMID 2600905.
- ^ Athanasas-Platsis S, Morton H, Dunglison GF, Kaye PL (Jul 1991). "Antibodies to early pregnancy factor retard embryonic development in mice in vivo". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 92 (2): 443–51. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0920443. PMID 1886100.
- ^ Rolfe BE, Cavanagh AC, Quinn KA, Morton H (Aug 1988). "Identification of two suppressor factors induced by early pregnancy factor". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 73 (2): 219–25. PMC 1541604. PMID 3180511.
- ^ Takimoto Y, Hishinuma M, Takahashi Y, Kanagawa H (Oct 1989). "Detection of early pregnancy factor in superovulated mice". Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science. 51 (5): 879–85. doi:10.1292/jvms1939.51.879. PMID 2607739.
- ^ Qin ZH, Zheng ZQ (Jan 1987). "Detection of early pregnancy factor in human sera". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology and Microbiology. 13 (1): 15–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1987.tb00082.x. PMID 2436493.
- ^ Wang HN, Zheng ZQ (Jul 1990). "Detection of early pregnancy factor in fetal sera". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 23 (3): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00674.x. PMID 2257053.
- ^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (Jun 1999). "Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
- ^ Straube W (1989). "[Early embryonal signals]". Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie. 111 (10): 629–33. PMID 2665388.
- ^ Smart YC, Roberts TK, Fraser IS, Cripps AW, Clancy RL (Jun 1982). "Validation of the rosette inhibition test for the detection of early pregnancy in women". Fertility and Sterility. 37 (6): 779–85. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46338-7. PMID 6177559.
- ^ Bessho T, Taira S, Ikuma K, Shigeta M, Koyama K, Isojima S (Mar 1984). "[Detection of early pregnancy factor in the sera of conceived women before nidation]". Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 36 (3): 391–6. PMID 6715922.
- ^ Straube W, Tiemann U, Loh M, Schütz M (1989). "Detection of early pregnancy factor (EPF) in pregnant and nonpregnant subjects with the rosette inhibition test". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 246 (3): 181–7. doi:10.1007/BF00934079. PMID 2619332.
- ^ Fan XG, Zheng ZQ (maj 1997). "A study of early pregnancy factor activity in preimplantation". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 37 (5): 359–64. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00244.x. PMID 9196793.
- ^ Rolfe BE, Morton H, Cavanagh AC, Gardiner RA (Mar 1983). "Detection of an early pregnancy factor-like substance in sera of patients with testicular germ cell tumors". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 3 (2): 97–100. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00223.x. PMID 6859385.
- ^ Mehta AR, Shahani SK (Jul 1987). "Detection of early pregnancy factor-like activity in women with gestational trophoblastic tumors". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology and Microbiology. 14 (3): 67–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1987.tb00122.x. PMID 2823620.
- ^ Quinn KA, Athanasas-Platsis S, Wong TY, Rolfe BE, Cavanagh AC, Morton H (Apr 1990). "Monoclonal antibodies to early pregnancy factor perturb tumour cell growth". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 80 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb06448.x. PMC 1535227. PMID 2323098.
- ^ Bojahr B, Straube W, Reddemann H (1993). "[Case observations on the significance of early pregnancy factor as a tumor marker]". Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie. 115 (3): 125–8. PMID 7682025.
- ^ Samali A, Cai J, Zhivotovsky B, Jones DP, Orrenius S (april 1999). "Presence of a pre-apoptotic complex of pro-caspase-3, Hsp60 and Hsp10 in the mitochondrial fraction of jurkat cells". EMBO J. 18 (8): 2040–8. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.8.2040. PMC 1171288. PMID 10205158.
- ^ Lee KH, Kim HS, Jeong HS, Lee YS (oktobar 2002). "Chaperonin GroESL mediates the protein folding of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 298 (2): 216–24. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02423-3. PMID 12387818.
Dopunska literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Czarnecka AM, Campanella C, Zummo G, Cappello F (2006). "Heat shock protein 10 and signal transduction: a "capsula eburnea" of carcinogenesis?". Cell Stress Chaperones. 11 (4): 287–94. doi:10.1379/CSC-200.1. PMC 1713189. PMID 17278877.
- Legname G, Fossati G, Gromo G, Monzini N, Marcucci F, Modena D (1995). "Expression in Escherichia coli, purification and functional activity of recombinant human chaperonin 10". FEBS Lett. 361 (2–3): 211–4. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00184-B. PMID 7698325.
- Cavanagh AC, Morton H (1994). "The purification of early-pregnancy factor to homogeneity from human platelets and identification as chaperonin 10". Eur. J. Biochem. 222 (2): 551–60. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18897.x. PMID 7912672.
- Monzini N, Legname G, Marcucci F, Gromo G, Modena D (1994). "Identification and cloning of human chaperonin 10 homologue". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1218 (3): 478–80. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90211-9. PMID 7914093.
- Chen JJ, McNealy DJ, Dalal S, Androphy EJ (1994). "Isolation, sequence analysis and characterization of a cDNA encoding human chaperonin 10". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1219 (1): 189–90. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90268-2. PMID 7916212.
- Samali A, Cai J, Zhivotovsky B, Jones DP, Orrenius S (1999). "Presence of a pre-apoptotic complex of pro-caspase-3, Hsp60 and Hsp10 in the mitochondrial fraction of jurkat cells". EMBO J. 18 (8): 2040–8. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.8.2040. PMC 1171288. PMID 10205158.
- Summers KM, Fletcher BH, Macaranas DD, Somodevilla-Torres MJ, Murphy RM, Osborne MJ, Spurr NK, Cassady AI, Cavanagh AC (1998). "Mapping and characterization of the eukaryotic early pregnancy factor/chaperonin 10 gene family". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 24 (6): 315–26. doi:10.1023/A:1024488422990. PMID 10763410.
- Richardson A, Schwager F, Landry SJ, Georgopoulos C (2001). "The importance of a mobile loop in regulating chaperonin/ co-chaperonin interaction: humans versus Escherichia coli". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (7): 4981–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008628200. PMID 11050098.
- Fletcher BH, Cassady AI, Summers KM, Cavanagh AC (2001). "The murine chaperonin 10 gene family contains an intronless, putative gene for early pregnancy factor, Cpn10-rs1". Mamm. Genome. 12 (2): 133–40. doi:10.1007/s003350010250. PMID 11210183.
- Parissi V, Calmels C, De Soultrait VR, Caumont A, Fournier M, Chaignepain S, Litvak S (2001). "Functional interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase with human and yeast HSP60". J. Virol. 75 (23): 11344–53. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.23.11344-11353.2001. PMC 114720. PMID 11689615.
- Hansen JJ, Dürr A, Cournu-Rebeix I, Georgopoulos C, Ang D, Nielsen MN, Davoine CS, Brice A, Fontaine B, Gregersen N, Bross P (2002). "Hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG13 is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (5): 1328–32. doi:10.1086/339935. PMC 447607. PMID 11898127.
- Guidry JJ, Wittung-Stafshede P (2002). "Low stability for monomeric human chaperonin protein 10: interprotein interactions contribute majority of oligomer stability". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 405 (2): 280–2. doi:10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00406-X. PMID 12220543.
- Lee KH, Kim HS, Jeong HS, Lee YS (2002). "Chaperonin GroESL mediates the protein folding of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 298 (2): 216–24. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02423-3. PMID 12387818.
- Hansen JJ, Bross P, Westergaard M, Nielsen MN, Eiberg H, Børglum AD, Mogensen J, Kristiansen K, Bolund L, Gregersen N (2003). "Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial chaperonin genes: HSP60 and HSP10 are localised head to head on chromosome 2 separated by a bidirectional promoter". Hum. Genet. 112 (1): 71–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0837-9. PMID 12483302.
- Mansell JP, Yarram SJ, Brown NL, Sandy JR (2002). "Type I collagen synthesis by human osteoblasts in response to placental lactogen and chaperonin 10, a homolog of early-pregnancy factor". In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 38 (9): 518–22. doi:10.1290/1071-2690(2002)038<0518:TICSBH>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12703979.
- Cappello F, Bellafiore M, David S, Anzalone R, Zummo G (2003). "Ten kilodalton heat shock protein (HSP10) is overexpressed during carcinogenesis of large bowel and uterine exocervix" (PDF). Cancer Lett. 196 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00212-X. hdl:10447/191095. PMID 12860287.
- Shan YX, Liu TJ, Su HF, Samsamshariat A, Mestril R, Wang PH (2003). "Hsp10 and Hsp60 modulate Bcl-2 family and mitochondria apoptosis signaling induced by doxorubicin in cardiac muscle cells". J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35 (9): 1135–43. doi:10.1016/S0022-2828(03)00229-3. PMID 12967636.
- Shan YX, Yang TL, Mestril R, Wang PH (2003). "Hsp10 and Hsp60 suppress ubiquitination of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and augment insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling in cardiac muscle: implications on decreased myocardial protection in diabetic cardiomyopathy". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (46): 45492–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304498200. PMID 12970367.
- Guidry JJ, Shewmaker F, Maskos K, Landry S, Wittung-Stafshede P (2003). "Probing the interface in a human co-chaperonin heptamer: residues disrupting oligomeric unfolded state identified". BMC Biochem. 4: 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2091-4-14. PMC 270013. PMID 14525625.
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- GroES Protein na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- 3D macromolecular structures of GroES in EMDB