Hladni rat

  Države NATO-a i   Varšavskog pakta 1988.

Hladni rat (1945–1991) je bilo sta­nje na­dme­ta­nja, na­pe­to­sti i su­ko­ba izme­đu ve­le­si­la ­(praćenih nji­ho­vim sa­te­li­ti­ma unu­tar in­te­re­snih sfe­ra sva­ke od ­njih), neprijateljski odnos koji je vladao između komunističkih i nekomunističkih zemalja od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata do raspada SSSR-a početkom 1990-ih. S jedne strane su bili SSSR i njegovi saveznici, poznati kao Istočni blok. S druge strane su bili SAD i njegovi saveznici, poznati kao Zapadni blok. Taj se odnos zvao Hladni rat zato što nije bilo direktnog ratovanja između dviju strana. Pojam je prvi upotrijebio Bernard Baruch, savjetnik američkog predsjednika, tokom rasprave u američkom kongresu 1947.

Sta­nje Hladnog rata ka­ra­kte­ri­šu stva­ra­nje voj­no­po­li­ti­čkih blo­ko­va ­(kao što su bi­li NA­TO i ­Warszawski ugo­vor), utr­ka u na­o­ru­ža­va­nju, pri­je­tnje glo­bal­nim ra­tom, “de­le­gi­ra­ni ra­to­vi”, ra­zni obli­ci uza­ja­mnog špi­ju­ni­ra­nja, eko­nom­skog i ­drugog iscr­plji­va­nja, obostrano nepovjerenje, sumnjičenje i nesporazumi. Ponekad se osjećala i prijetnja Trećeg svjetskog rata. SAD je optuživao SSSR zbog širenja komunizma u svijetu, a SSSR je optuživao SAD zbog imperijalizma i kontrarevolucije.

Korejski rat, Vijetnamski rat i rat SSSR-a protiv Afganistana bili su slučajevi kad je napetost između dvije ideologije prerasla u oružani sukob. SAD i SSSR često u njima nisu učestvovali direktno nego kroz naoružavanje drugih zemalja.

SAD i SSSR su se najviše natjecali u naoružanju i razvijanju tehnologije. Osim toga, česta je bila špijunaža. Najveća potencijalna opasnost Hladnog rata bilo je nuklearno oružje i njegovo aktiviranje. Za razliku od lokalnih sukoba, paranoja zbog nuklearnog oružja pogodila je sve zemlje svijeta.

Berlinski zid - simbol Hladnog rata koji je razdvajao Istočni i Zapadni blok

U Evropi se Hladni rat organizirao u dva bloka: savez NATO, koji je više-manje pokrivao Zapadnu Evropu i kojim je dominirao SAD, i Varšavski pakt, koji je pokrivao Istočnu Evropu i kojim je dominirao SSSR. Ta se podjela najviše odrazila na Njemačku, pogotovo Berlin. I danas se kao simbol Hladnog rata spominje Berlinski zid, koji je razdvajao Zapadni Berlin (pod kontrolom zemalja iz NATO saveza) od Istočne Njemačke, koja je pripadala Varšavskom paktu. Pad Berlinskog zida 1989. označio je skori kraj Hladnog rata.

Treća strana

Pored dvije zvanične strane, postojala je i vrsta trećeg, neutralnog bloka: Pokret nesvrstanih. Ova međunarodna organizacija uključuje više od 100 zemalja koje su smatrale sebe zvanično neujedinjene sa jednim ili protiv jednog od većih blokova. Svrha organizacije, kako je napisano u Havanskoj deklaraciji iz 1979, jest da osigura ”nacionalnu nezavisnost, suverenitet, teritorijlni integritet i bezbjednost nesvrstanih zemalja u njihovoj borbi protiv imperijalizma, kolonijalizma, neokolonijalizma, aparthejda, rasizma, uključujući i cionizam i sve oblike strane agresije, okupacije, dominacije, mješanja ili hegemonije, kao i protiv blokovske politike”. Pokret nesvrstanih se fokusirao na nacionalne borbe za nezavisnost, iskorjenjivanja siromaštva, ekonomski razvoj i suprotstavljanje kolonijalizmu, imperijalizmu i neokolonijalizmu. Oni su predstavljali 55% stanovništva planete, većinu vlada na svijetu i gotovo dvije trećine članica Ujedinjene nacije.

Važniji članovi su bili Jugoslavija, Indija, Egipat, Južnoafrička Republika i povremeno Kina.

Terminologija

Pisac George Orwell koristio je hladni rat kao opći pojam u svom eseju "Vi i atomska bomba", objavljenom 19. oktobra 1945. Razmišljajući o svijetu koji živi u sjeni prijetnje nuklearnog rata, Orwell se osvrnuo na predviđanja Jamesa Burnhama o polariziranom svijetu, napisavši:

Gledajući svijet kao cjelinu, trend već mnogo decenija nije išao prema anarhiji, već prema ponovnom nametanju ropstva... Teorija Jamesa Burnhama je mnogo raspravljana, ali malo ljudi je još razmatralo njene ideološke implikacije - to jest, vrstu pogleda na svijet, vrstu uvjerenja i društvenu strukturu koja bi vjerovatno prevladala u državi koja je istovremeno bila nepobjediva i u stalnom stanju "hladnog rata" sa svojim susjedima.

U časopisu The Observer od 10. marta 1946, Orwell je napisao: "Nakon konferencije u Moskvi prošlog decembra, Rusija je započela 'hladni rat' protiv Britanije i Britanskog Carstva."

Prva upotreba ovog termina za opisivanje specifične poslijeratne geopolitičke konfrontacije između Sovjetskog Saveza i Sjedinjenih Država dogodila se u govoru Bernarda Barucha, utjecajnog savjetnika demokratskih predsjednika, 16. aprila 1947. Govor, koji je napisao novinar Herbert Bayard Swope, proglasio je: "Danas smo usred hladnog rata." Novinski kolumnista Walter Lippmann dao je terminu široku upotrebu svojom knjigom Hladni rat. Kada je 1947. upitan o izvoru termina, Lippmann ga je pratio do francuskog termina iz 1930-ih, la guerre froide.

Pozadina i periodizacija

Sjedinjene Države i njihovi zapadnoevropski saveznici nastojali su ojačati svoje veze i koristili su politiku obuzdavanja protiv sovjetskog utjecaja; To su najznačajnije postigli formiranjem NATO-a, koji je u suštini bio odbrambeni sporazum 1949. Sovjetski Savez je odgovorio Varšavskim paktom 1955, koji je imao slične rezultate sa Istočnim blokom. Budući da je do tada Sovjetski Savez već imao oružano prisustvo i političku dominaciju nad svojim istočnim satelitima, pakt se dugo smatrao suvišnim. Iako nominalno odbrambeni savez, primarna funkcija Varšavskog pakta bila je zaštita sovjetske hegemonije nad svojim istočnoevropskim satelitima, a jedine direktne vojne akcije pakta bile su invazije na vlastite države članice kako bi se spriječilo njihovo odvajanje; 1960-ih, pakt se razvio u multilateralni savez, u kojem su nesovjetske članice Varšavskog pakta dobile značajan prostor za ostvarivanje vlastitih interesa. Godine 1961. Istočna Njemačka, saveznica Sovjetskog Saveza, izgradila je Berlinski zid kako bi spriječila građane Istočnog Berlina da pobjegnu u Zapadni Berlin, u to vrijeme dio Zapadne Njemačke, saveznice Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.

Godine 1991. Ruska Federacija postala je nasljednica Sovjetskog Saveza, dok su mnoge druge republike postale potpuno nezavisne postsovjetske države.

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Izvještaji

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Članci u žurnalima

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Članci u časopisima

• Das, Saswato R. (16. 7. 2009). "The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev". Scientific American. Arhivirano s originala, 25. 2. 2021. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2019.
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• Matray, James I. (Summer 2002). "Revisiting Korea: Exposing Myths of the Forgotten War". Prologue Magazine. Vol. 34 no. 2. National Archives. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2019.

Novinski članci

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Web

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Vanjski linkovi

• Hladni rat na Wikimedia Commonsu