Hromosom 4

Hromosom 4
Hromosom 4
	Par ljudskih hromosoma 4 nakon G-pruganje. Jedan je od majke, a drugi od oca
	Par hromosoma 4; u kariogramu muškarca
Karakteristike
Dužina (bp)	190,214,555 bp; (GRCh38)
Br. gena	727 (CCDS)
Vrsta	Autosom
Pozicija centromere	Submetacentrik; (50.0 Mbp)
Kompletan spisak gena
CCDS	Spisak gena
HGNC	Spisak gena
UniProt	Spisak gena
NCBI	Spisak gena
Vanjski preglednici karata
Ensembl	Hromosom 4
Entrez	Hromosom 4
NCBI	Hromosom 4
UCSC	Hromosom 4
Potpune DNK sekvence
RefSeq	NC_000004 (FASTA)
GenBank	CM000666 (FASTA)

Hromosom 4 je jedan od 23 para hromosoma u čovjeka. Ljudi obično imaju dvije kopije ovog hromosoma. Uključije više od 186 miliona parova baza (građevinski materijal DNK) i predstavlja između 6 i 6,5 procenata ukupne DNK u ćeliji.

Genomika

Dužina hromosoma je ~ 191 megabaza. U radu iz 2012. Godine, na ovom hromosomu je identificirano 775 gena, koji kodiraju proteine.^[5] 211 (27,9%) od ovih kodirajućih sekvenci nije bilo nikakvih eksperimentalnih dokaza na nivou proteina, a u 2012. za 271 se čini da su membranski proteini. 54 su klasifikovani kao proteini povezani sa rakom.

Geni

Broj gena

Slijede neke od procjena broja gena za ljudski hromosom 4. Budući da istraživači koriste različite pristupe označavanja genoma, njihova predviđanja broja gena na svakom hromosomu variraju (za tehničke detalje pogledajte predviđanje gena). Među raznim projektima, zajednički Projekt konsenzusnog kodiranja zauzima izuzetno konzervativnu strategiju. Dakle, predviđanje broja gena prema CCDS-u predstavlja donju granicu ukupnog broja gena koji kodiraju ljudske proteine.^[6]

Baza podataka	Protein-kodirajući geni	Nekodirajući geni RNK	Pseudogeni	Izvor	Datum objave
CCDS	727	—	—	^[2]	2016-09-08
HGNC	731	277	633	^[7]	2017-05-12
Ensembl	746	993	727	^[8]	2017-03-29
UniProt	765	—	—	^[9]	2018-02-28
NCBI	769	934	819	^[10]^[11]^[12]	2017-05-19

Lista gena

Slijedi djelimična lista gena na ljudskom hromosomu 4. Potpunu listu pogledajte u info okviru s desne strane.

AASDH: Kodira aminoadipat-semialdehidnu dehidrogenazu
ACVR1: Kodira aktivinoliku kinazu 2 (ALK-2)
ACOX3: Kodira enzim peroksisomsku acil-koenzimsku A oksidazu 3
AGPAT9: Kodira enzim glicerol-3-fosfat aciltransferaza 3 a.k.a. 1-acilglicerol-3-fosfat O-aciltransferaza 9
ANK2: Kodira nervni ankirin 2
APBB2: Kodira člana 2 porodice B amiloidnih beta A4 prekursorskih protein-vežućih proteina
ART3: Kodira enzim ekto-ADP-riboziltransferaza 3
ASAHL: Kodira enzim N-aciletanolamin-hidrolizirajuću kiselu amidazu
FAM198B: Kodira protein ENED
Ccdc109b: Kodira domen upredene zavojnice sa proteinom 109B
CRMP1: Kodira kolapsin-odgovorni medijator proteina 1, člana porodice CRMP
CSN2: Kodira beta-kazein
CXCL1: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 1, scyb1
CXCL2: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C moti) liganda 2, scyb2
CXCL3: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 3, scyb3
CXCL4: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 4, trombocitni faktor-4, PF-4, scyb4
CXCL5: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 5, scyb5
CXCL6: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 6, scyb6
CXCL7: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 7, PPBP, scyb7
CXCL8: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 8, interleukin 8 (IL-8), scyb8
CXCL9: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 9, scyb9
CXCL10: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 10, scyb10
CXCL11: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 11, scyb11
CXCL13: Kodira hemokinski (C-X-C motiv) liganda 13, scyb13
CYTL1: Kodira citokinoliki protein 1
DCUN1D4: Kodira defektni protein u kulinskoj nedilaciji domena 1 koji sadrži protein 4
DHX15: Kodira DEAH-kutijsku helikazu 15
DKK2: Kodira uporni protein 2
DUX4: Kodira protein FSHD. Smatralo se da je neaktivan, ali su 2010. Istraživanja pokazala njegovu ključnu ulogu u FSHD^[13]
EGF: Kodira epidermni faktor rasta (EGF)
ELMOD2: Kodira elmo domen koji sadrži protein 2
EMCN: Kodira endomucin
EVC: Kodira Ellis-van Creveldov sindrom
EVC2: Kodira Ellis van Creveldov sindrom 2 (limbin)
Faktor XI: Kodira mutacije koje uzrokuju hemofiliju C
FAM47E-STBD1: Kodira očitavanje FAM47E-STBD1
FAM114A1: Kodira člana A1 proteina porodice sa sličnošću sekvenci 114
FAM149A: Kodira člana A proteina porodice sa sličnošću sekvenci 149
FAM193A: Kodira član A proteina porodice 193 sa sličnošću sekvenci,
FGF2: Kodira faktor rasta 2 fibroblasta (osnovni fibroblastni faktor rasta)
FGFR3: Kodira receptor 3 faktor rastaa fibroblasta (ahondroplazija, tanatofna patuljastost, rak mokraćnog mjehura)
FGFRL1: Kodira receptoroliki protein 1 faktora rasta fibroblasta,
FRG1: Kodira gen 1 regije FSHD
GUF1: Kodira homolog GTPaze GUF1
HDL3: Kodira huntingtin-oliki neurodegenerativni poremećaj proteina 2
HTT: Kodira huntingtinski protein (Huntingtonova bolest)
IGJ: Kodira linkerski protein za imunoglobulin alfa i polipeptidazu mu
INTS12: Kodira podjedinicu 12 integratorskog kompleksa
KDR: Kodira domen insercije receptora kinaze (receptor 2 vaskularnog endotelnog faktora rasta)
KIAA1530: Kodira UV- stimulirajuću proteinsku skelu A
LCORL: Kodira ligandno ovisni koreoresoroliki jedarni receptor
LDB2: Kodira LIM protein 2 sa vezanim domenom
LGI2: Kodira člana 2 leucinom bogatih proteina porodice ponavljanja LGI,
LOC100505912: Kodira neokarakterizirani protein LOC100505912
LSM6: Kodira U6 snRNK-pridružene Sm-oliki protein
LYAR: Kodira jedarni proteinski regulator ćelijskog rasta
MAB21L2: Kodira Mab-21-oliki protein 2
Marcksl1: Kodira MARCKS-oliki protein 1
MAML3: Kodira upravljačoliki protein 3
MFSD7: Kodira protein glavnog voditelja natporodičnog domena, koji sadrži protein 7
MIR1269A: Kodira mikroRNK 1269a
MLF1IP: Kodira centomerni protein U
MMAA: Kodira protein metilmalonske acidurije (nedostatak kobalamina) tip cbl
MTHFD2L: Kodira NAD-ovisni metilenetetrahidrofolat-dehidrogenazi 2 slični protein
MYL5: Kodira lahki lanac 5 miozina
NOA1: Kodira dušik-oksid-pridruženi protein 1
NUDT6: Kodira ponudnu hidrolazu 6
NUDT9: Kodira ponudnu hidrolazu 9
OTUD4: Kodira protein 4 sa OTU domenom
PABPC4L: Kodira Poli(A)-vezujući protein , koji liči na citoplazmatski protein 4
PARM1: Kodira androgen-regulirani prostatin mucin-oliki protein 1
PHOX2B: Kodira homeodomenski transkripcijski faktor
PI4K2B: Kodira fosfatidilinozitol 4-kinazni tip 2-beta
PKD2: Kodira protein policistaste bolesti bubrega 2 (autosomno nasljeđivanje)
PLK4: Kodira enzim serin/treonin-protein kinazu PLK4
PSAPL1: Kodira prosaposinoliki protein 1 (gen/pseudogen)
QDPR: Kodira enzim kvinoidnu dihidropteridin-reduktazu
RBM47: Kodira RNK-vezujući motiv proteina 47
SDAD1: Kodira homologa proteina SDA1
SEC24B: Kodira Sec24 homolog B
SEC24D: Kodira Sec24 homolog D
SEPT11: Kodira septin-11
SLC9B2: Kodira člana B2 porodice 9 rastvornih nosača
SLC10A4: Kodira člana 4 porodicerastvornih nosača 10,
SMIM20: Kodira mali integralni membranski protein 20
SNCA: Kodira sinuklein, alfa (ne A4 komponenta amiloisnog prekursora)
SPATA5: Kodira spermatogenezi pridruženi protein 5
STATH: Kodira proteinski produkt
TACC3: Kodira transformiranje kiselih proteina koji sadrže spiralni navoj proteina 3
TENM3: Kodira teneurinski transmembranski protein 3
THAP6: Kodira protein 6 sa THAP domenom
TMPRSS11D: Kodira transmembransku proteazu, serin 11D
TNIP2: Kodira TNFAIP3-interaktivni protein 2
UCHL1: Kodira enzim ubikvitin karboksil-terminalnu esterazu L1 (ubikvitin-tiolesteraza)
UGT8: Kodira enzim UDP-glikoziltransferazu 8
UNC5C: Kodira netrinski receptor UNC5C
USP38: Kodira protein ubikvitin-specifične peptidze 38
USP53: Kodira ubikvitin-specifične peptidze 53
UTP3: Kodira malu podjedinicu procesomske komponente
WFS1: Kodira Wolframov sindrom 1 (volframin)
ZGRF1: Kodira cinkov prst GRF-tpa sa proteinom 1
ZNF621: Kodira protein cinkovog prsta 621

Bolesti i poremećaji

Slijede neke od bolesti koje su u vezi sa genima lociranim na hromosomu 4:

Citogenetičke pruge

G-prugani idiogrami hromosoma 4

G-prugani idiogram hromosoma 4 u rezoluciji 850 bphs. Dužina pruga na ovom dijagramu proporcionalna je dužini osnovnog para. Ovaj tip idiograma obično se koristi u pretraživačima genoma (npr. Ensembl, UCSC pretraživač genoma.

Obrazac G-pruganja ljudskog hromosoma 4 u tri različitr rezolucije (400,^[14] 550^[15] and 850^[4]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).^[16] Ovaj tip idiograma predstavlja stvarnu relativnu dužinu trake uočene pod mikroskopom, u različitim fazama tokom procesa mitotoze.^[17]

G-pruge ljudskog hromosoma 4 u rezoluciji 850 bphs^[4]
Hromosom	Kraci^[18]	Pruga/bend^[19]	ISCN start^[20]	ISCN stop	Bazni par start	Bazni par stop	Boja<ref>	Gustoća
4	p	16.3	0	220	1	4500000	gneg
4	p	16.2	220	389	7006450000100000000♠4.500.001	7006600000000000000♠6.000.000	gpos	25
4	p	16.1	389	779	7006600000100000000♠6.000.001	7007113000000000000♠11.300.000	gneg
4	p	15.33	779	1066	7007113000010000000♠11.300.001	7007150000000000000♠15.000.000	gpos	50
4	p	15.32	1066	1286	7007150000010000000♠15.000.001	7007177000000000000♠17.700.000	gneg
4	p	15.31	1286	1557	7007177000010000000♠17.700.001	7007213000000000000♠21.300.000	gpos	75
4	p	15.2	1557	1811	7007213000010000000♠21.300.001	7007277000000000000♠27.700.000	gneg
4	p	15.1	1811	2166	7007277000010000000♠27.700.001	7007358000000000000♠35.800.000	gpos	100
4	p	14	2166	2505	7007358000010000000♠35.800.001	7007412000000000000♠41.200.000	gneg
4	p	13	2505	2742	7007412000010000000♠41.200.001	7007446000000000000♠44.600.000	gpos	50
4	p	12	2742	2877	7007446000010000000♠44.600.001	7007482000000000000♠48.200.000	gneg
4	p	11	2877	3046	7007482000010000000♠48.200.001	7007500000000000000♠50.000.000	acen
4	q	11	3046	3249	7007500000010000000♠50.000.001	7007518000000000000♠51.800.000	acen
4	q	12	3249	3571	7007518000010000000♠51.800.001	7007585000000000000♠58.500.000	gneg
4	q	13.1	3571	3910	7007585000010000000♠58.500.001	7007655000000000000♠65.500.000	gpos	100
4	q	13.2	3910	4062	7007655000010000000♠65.500.001	7007694000000000000♠69.400.000	gneg
4	q	13.3	4062	4333	7007694000010000000♠69.400.001	7007753000000000000♠75.300.000	gpos	75
4	q	21.1	4333	4502	7007753000010000000♠75.300.001	7007780000000000000♠78.000.000	gneg
4	q	21.21	4502	4671	7007780000010000000♠78.000.001	7007815000000000000♠81.500.000	gpos	50
4	q	21.22	4671	4739	7007815000010000000♠81.500.001	7007832000000000000♠83.200.000	gneg
4	q	21.23	4739	4874	7007832000010000000♠83.200.001	7007860000000000000♠86.000.000	gpos	25
4	q	21.3	4874	5145	7007860000010000000♠86.000.001	7007871000000000000♠87.100.000	gneg
4	q	22.1	5145	5517	7007871000010000000♠87.100.001	7007928000000000000♠92.800.000	gpos	75
4	q	22.2	5517	5636	7007928000010000000♠92.800.001	7007942000000000000♠94.200.000	gneg
4	q	22.3	5636	5890	7007942000010000000♠94.200.001	7007979000000000000♠97.900.000	gpos	75
4	q	23	5890	6059	7007979000010000000♠97.900.001	7008100100000000000♠100.100.000	gneg
4	q	24	6059	6347	7008100100001000000♠100.100.001	7008106700000000000♠106.700.000	gpos	50
4	q	25	6347	6685	7008106700001000000♠106.700.001	7008113200000000000♠113.200.000	gneg
4	q	26	6685	7040	7008113200001000000♠113.200.001	7008119900000000000♠119.900.000	gpos	75
4	q	27	7040	7277	7008119900001000000♠119.900.001	7008122800000000000♠122.800.000	gneg
4	q	28.1	7277	7565	7008122800001000000♠122.800.001	7008127900000000000♠127.900.000	gpos	50
4	q	28.2	7565	7734	7008127900001000000♠127.900.001	7008130100000000000♠130.100.000	gneg
4	q	28.3	7734	8259	7008130100001000000♠130.100.001	7008138500000000000♠138.500.000	gpos	100
4	q	31.1	8259	8581	7008138500001000000♠138.500.001	7008140600000000000♠140.600.000	gneg
4	q	31.21	8581	8733	7008140600001000000♠140.600.001	7008145900000000000♠145.900.000	gpos	25
4	q	31.22	8733	8851	7008145900001000000♠145.900.001	7008147500000000000♠147.500.000	gneg
4	q	31.23	8851	9004	7008147500001000000♠147.500.001	7008150200000000000♠150.200.000	gpos	25
4	q	31.3	9004	9207	7008150200001000000♠150.200.001	7008154600000000000♠154.600.000	gneg
4	q	32.1	9207	9545	7008154600001000000♠154.600.001	7008160800000000000♠160.800.000	gpos	100
4	q	32.2	9545	9681	7008160800001000000♠160.800.001	7008163600000000000♠163.600.000	gneg
4	q	32.3	9681	9985	7008163600001000000♠163.600.001	7008169200000000000♠169.200.000	gpos	100
4	q	33	9985	10087	7008169200001000000♠169.200.001	7008171000000000000♠171.000.000	gneg
4	q	34.1	10087	10341	7008171000001000000♠171.000.001	7008175400000000000♠175.400.000	gpos	75
4	q	34.2	10341	10408	7008175400001000000♠175.400.001	7008176600000000000♠176.600.000	gneg
4	q	34.3	10408	10628	7008176600001000000♠176.600.001	7008182300000000000♠182.300.000	gpos	100
4	q	35.1	10628	10967	7008182300001000000♠182.300.001	7008186200000000000♠186.200.000	gneg
4	q	35.2	10967	11170	7008186200001000000♠186.200.001	7008190214555000000♠190.214.555	gpos	25

Napomene: gpos – Regija koja je pozitivno obojena G-pruganjem, uglavnom AT bogata i siromašna genima; gneg – Regija koja je negativno obojena G-pruganjem, općenito CG-bogata i bogata genima; acen – Centromera; var: Promjenjiva regija; stalk: Drška.

Reference

↑ "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information (jezik: engleski). 24. 12. 2013. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2017.
1 2 "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 8. 9. 2016. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2017.
↑ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2. 4. 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. str. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
1 2 3 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
↑ Chen LC, Liu MY, Hsiao YC, Choong WK, Wu HY, Hsu WL, Liao PC, Sung TY, Tsai SF, Yu JS, Chen YJ (2012) Decoding the disease-associated proteins encoded in the human chromosome 4. J Proteome Res
↑ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
↑ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 4". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 12. 5. 2017. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 6. 2017. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2017.
↑ "Chromosome 4: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 29. 3. 2017. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2017.
↑ "Human chromosome 4: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 28. 2. 2018. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2018.
↑ "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.
↑ "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.
↑ "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gen". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.
↑ Lemmers RJ, van der Vliet PJ, Klooster R, Sacconi S, Camaño P, Dauwerse JG, Snider L, Straasheijm KR, van Ommen GJ, Padberg GW, Miller DG, Tapscott SJ, Tawil R, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM (septembar 2010). "A unifying genetic model for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy". Science. 329 (5999): 1650–3. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1650L. doi:10.1126/science.1189044. PMC 4677822. PMID 20724583.
↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
↑ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
↑ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8.
↑ "p": kratki; "q": dugi.
↑ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
↑ These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.

Dopunska literatura

Goldfrank D, Schoenberger E, Gilbert F (2003). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 4". Genet Test. 7 (4): 351–72. doi:10.1089/109065703322783752. PMID 15000816.
Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Pepin KH, Minx P, et al. (april 2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724–31. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..724H. doi:10.1038/nature03466. PMID 15815621.

Vanjski linkovi

Commons logo

Commons ima datoteke na temu: Hromosom 4

National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 4". Genetics Home Reference. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 3. 2016. Pristupljeno 6. 5. 2017.
"Chromosome 4". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Pristupljeno 6. 5. 2017.

[National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information_2017-1] "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information (jezik: engleski). 24. 12. 2013. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2017.

[CCDS-2] 1 2 "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 8. 9. 2016. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2017.

[StrachanRead2010-3] Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2. 4. 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. str. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.

[850bphs-4] 1 2 3 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.

[Chen2012-5] Chen LC, Liu MY, Hsiao YC, Choong WK, Wu HY, Hsu WL, Liao PC, Sung TY, Tsai SF, Yu JS, Chen YJ (2012) Decoding the disease-associated proteins encoded in the human chromosome 4. J Proteome Res

[pmid20441615-6] Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.

[HGNC20170512-7] "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 4". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 12. 5. 2017. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 6. 2017. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2017.

[Ensembl_Release_88-8] "Chromosome 4: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 29. 3. 2017. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2017.

[UniProt-9] "Human chromosome 4: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 28. 2. 2018. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2018.

[NCBI_coding-10] "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.

[NCBI_noncoding-11] "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.

[NCBI_pseudo-12] "Search results - 4[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gen". NCBI. 19. 5. 2017. Pristupljeno 20. 5. 2017.

[Unifying-13] Lemmers RJ, van der Vliet PJ, Klooster R, Sacconi S, Camaño P, Dauwerse JG, Snider L, Straasheijm KR, van Ommen GJ, Padberg GW, Miller DG, Tapscott SJ, Tawil R, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM (septembar 2010). "A unifying genetic model for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy". Science. 329 (5999): 1650–3. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1650L. doi:10.1126/science.1189044. PMC 4677822. PMID 20724583.

[400bphs-14] Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.

[550bphs-15] Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.

[Nomenclature2013-16] International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.

[SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012-17] Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8.

[18] "p": kratki; "q": dugi.

[19] For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.

[ISCN-20] These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.

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