Indijska matematika

Indijska matematika se razvila na Indijskom potkontinentu od 1200. p. n. e. sve do kraja 18. vijeka. U klasičnom periodu indijske matematike (400 - 1200) su zabilježena značajna postignuća zahvaljujući učenjacima kao što su Aryabhata, Brahmagupta i Bhaskara II. Decimalni sistem brojeva koji se koristi danas se prvi put koristio u indijskoj matematici. Indijski matematičari su dali rani doprinos proučavanju koncepta nule kao broja, negativnih brojeva, aritmetike i algebre. Uz to se u Indiji razvila i trigonometrija, uključujući savremene defincije sinusa i kosinusa. Ti matematički koncepti su se kasnije prenijeli na Bliski istok, Kinu i Evropu te bitno pridonijeli razvoju koncepata koji danas čine osnovu mnogih područja matematike.

Drevni i srednjovjekovni matematički tekstovi, svi napisani na sanskritu, najčešće su se sastojali od sutra u kojima su načela ili problemi izneseni u ekonomičnim stihovima kako bi ih učenik mogao što lakše upamtiti. Njih je slijedila druga sekcija koja se sastojala od komentara u prozi (ponekad nekoliko komentara od različitih učenjaka) koji su detaljnije obrazložili problem ili izložili njegovo rješenja. U proznom djelu forma (i njena memorizacija) nisu bili tako važni kao same ideje. Sva matematička djela su se prenosila usmenom predajom sve do oko 500. p. n. e. a nakon čega su se prenosili i usmeno i preko rukopisa. Najstariji sačuvani matematički dokument na Indijskom kontinentu je rukopis iz Bakhshalija, otkriven godine 1881. u Bakhshaliju kraj Peshawara (moderni Pakistan) a koji datira iz 7. vijeka.

Važno poglavlje u historiji indijske matematike bio je razvoj ekspanzije nizova za trigonometrijske funkcije (sinuse, kosinuse i obrnute trigonometrijske funkcije) od strane Keralske škole u 15. vijeku. Njihovo djelo, napravljeno dva vijeka prije otkrića infinitezimalnog računa u Evropi, je predstavljao prvi primjer stepenog reda. Međutim, ona nije razvila koncepte diferencijala i integracije, niti ima neposrednih dokaza da su se ta dostignuća proširila izvan Kerale.

Također pogledajte

• Brahmagupta
• Matematika u srednjovjekovnom islamu

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