Idi na sadržaj

Kurdistanska radnička partija

S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

PKK, Kurdistanske radničke partije (kurdski: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê, PKK) je kurdska militantna politička organizacija i naoružana gerilska grupa prvenstveno bazirana u planinskim regijama s većinskim kurdskim stanovništvom na jugoistoku Turske, sjevernom Iraku i sjeveroistočnoj Siriji. Osnovana je u Zijaretu, Lice, 27. novembra 1978. i bila je uključena u asimetrično ratovanje u kurdsko-turskom sukobu (s nekoliko primirja između 1993. i 2013–2015.). Iako je PKK prvobitno težio nezavisnoj kurdskoj državi, 1990-ih se njegova službena platforma promijenila u traženje autonomije i većih političkih i kulturnih prava za Kurde unutar Turske.[1]

PKK je označen kao teroristička organizacija od strane Turske,[2] Sjedinjenih Američkih Država,[3] Evropske unije,[4] Australije i Japana.[5][6] Neki analitičari i organizacije se ne slažu[7] s ovom oznakom, vjerujući da se PKK više ne bavi organiziranim terorističkim aktivnostima niti sistematski cilja civile.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Turska je često karakterizirala zahtjev za obrazovanjem na kurdskom jeziku kao podršku terorističkim aktivnostima PKK-a.[14][15][16]

Ideologija PKK-a prvobitno je bila fuzija revolucionarnog socijalizma i marksizma-lenjinizma s kurdskim nacionalizmom, težeći osnivanju nezavisnog Kurdistana.[17] PKK je formiran kao dio rastućeg nezadovoljstva zbog potiskivanja turskih Kurda, u nastojanju da se uspostave jezička, kulturna i politička prava za kurdsku manjinu.[18] Nakon vojnog udara 1980, kurdski jezik je službeno zabranjen u javnom i privatnom životu.[19] Mnogi koji su govorili, objavljivali ili pjevali na kurdskom jeziku uhapšeni su i zatvoreni.[20] Turska vlada je negirala postojanje Kurda, a PKK je prikazan kako pokušava uvjeriti Turke da su Kurdi.[21]

PKK je uključen u oružane sukobe s turskim snagama sigurnosti od 1979, ali pobuna velikih razmjera nije počela sve do 15. augusta 1984, kada je PKK najavio kurdski ustanak. Od početka sukoba, poginulo je više od 40.000 ljudi, od kojih je većina bila kurdski civili.[22][23] Godine 1999. vođa PKK-a Abdullah Öcalan je zarobljen i zatvoren.[24] U maju 2007, aktivni i bivši članovi PKK-a osnovali su Kurdistansku zajednicu (KCK), krovnu organizaciju kurdskih organizacija u turskom, iračkom, iranskom i sirijskom Kurdistanu. Godine 2013. PKK je proglasio primirje i počeo polako povlačiti svoje borce u irački Kurdistan kao dio mirovnog procesa s turskom državom. Primirje je prekinuto u julu 2015.[25] I PKK i turska država optuženi su za korištenje terorističkih taktika i ciljanje civila. PKK je bombardovao gradske centre i regrutovao djecu vojnike,[26][27][28] te izveo nekoliko napada u kojima su masakrirani civili.[29][30][31][32] Turska je depopulirala i spalila hiljade kurdskih sela i masakrirala kurdske civile u pokušaju da iskorijeni militante PKK-a.[33][34][35][36][37]

Dana 1. marta 2025. PKK je proglasio primirje s Turskom,[38] a 12. maja je najavio planove za potpuno raspuštanje organizacije.[39][40]

Reference

[uredi | uredi izvor]
  1. ^ Stanton, Jessica A. (2016). Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law (jezik: engleski). Cambridge University Press. str. 217. ISBN 978-1107069107. Pristupljeno 24 July 2017.
  2. ^ "Turkey spy agency denies role in Paris Kurds murder, launches probe". Radio France Internationale. 16 January 2014. Pristupljeno 5 February 2014.
  3. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". United States Department of State (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 10 March 2021.
  4. ^ "Turkey 2019 Report" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. str. 5. Pristupljeno 16 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Listed terrorist organisations". www.nationalsecurity.gov.au (jezik: engleski). Attorney-General's department. Arhivirano s originala, 5 February 2016. Pristupljeno 18 December 2019.
  6. ^ "MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like". Arhivirano s originala, 6 April 2013. Pristupljeno 21 November 2013.
  7. ^ Haner, Murat; Cullen, Francis T.; Benson, Michael L. (13 February 2019). "Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism". International Criminal Justice Review (jezik: engleski). 30 (3): 279–301. doi:10.1177/1057567719826632. ISSN 1057-5677. S2CID 150900998.
  8. ^ "Kurdish Fighters Aren't Terrorists". Bloomberg News (jezik: engleski). 20 August 2014. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  9. ^ Levy, Bernard-Henri (22 October 2014). "Stop Calling Our Closest Allies Against ISIS 'Terrorists'". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  10. ^ Rubin, Michael (7 February 2020). "US should follow Belgium's lead and end PKK terror designation". American Enterprise Institute (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  11. ^ Beklevic, Tuna (22 October 2019). "Trump says the PKK is worse than ISIS. I say he's wrong — and I'm a Turk". The Washington Post. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021. I am Turkish. I am a former government official. And I believe that the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the PKK... is not a terrorist organization.
  12. ^ "The Case for Delisting the PKK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization". Lawfare (jezik: engleski). 11 February 2016. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  13. ^ Bodette, Meghan (23 October 2018). "It's time for the US to delist the PKK — here's why". The Region. Arhivirano s originala, 30 September 2021. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  14. ^ Can, Osman (17 June 2021). "The Motion before Turkey's Constitutional Court to Ban the Pro-Kurdish HDP". German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
  15. ^ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (2008). "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation". Genocide Studies and Prevention. str. 46.
  16. ^ Protesting as a terrorist offense (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2010. str. 40–41. ISBN 978-1564327086. Pristupljeno 11 December 2021.
  17. ^ Jongerden, Joost (1 October 2017). "Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés (jezik: engleski). 8 (8): 233–256. doi:10.4000/anatoli.618. ISSN 2111-4064.
  18. ^ Joseph, J. (2006). Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. str. 100. ISBN 0230598587.
  19. ^ Toumani, Meline. Minority Rules, The New York Times, 17 February 2008
  20. ^ Aslan, Senem (2014). Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco. Cambridge University Press. str. 134. ISBN 978-1107054608.
  21. ^ Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence; Ray, Marie Le (31 December 2006). "Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (jezik: engleski) (5). doi:10.4000/ejts.777. hdl:10036/37913. ISSN 1773-0546.
  22. ^ Michael, Gasper (2019). Lust, Ellen (ured.). The Middle East. CQ Press. str. 37. ISBN 978-1544358215. The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey
  23. ^ Abadi, Cameron (17 October 2019). "Why Is Turkey Fighting Syria's Kurds?". Foreign Policy.
  24. ^ Hooper, John; Kundnani, Hans; Morris, Chris (18 February 1999). "Military action and three deaths after Ocalan's capture". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 29 November 2021.
  25. ^ "PKK group says Turkish ceasefire over". Rudaw. Pristupljeno 1 January 2016.
  26. ^ "No Security Without Human Rights". Amnesty International. Pristupljeno 1 February 2021.
  27. ^ Roth, Mitchel P.; Sever, Murat (2007). "The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 30 (10): 901–920. doi:10.1080/10576100701558620. S2CID 110700560.
  28. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey". Child Soldiers International. Pristupljeno 1 February 2021.
  29. ^ Aliza, Marcus (2007). The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. New York: New York University Press. str. 115–120.
  30. ^ "Kurdish Rebels Kill 20 In 2 Villages in Turkey". The New York Times. Reuters News. July 1987. Pristupljeno 21 October 2012. The dead consisted of 16 children, eight village guards, and eight women.
  31. ^ Satana, Nil S. (2012). "The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?". Turkish Studies. Routledge. 13 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/14683849.2012.686575. hdl:11693/21264. S2CID 55920795. In those years, the PKK committed several "crimes against humanity" such as the Pınarcık massacre in 1987 in which 8 village guards, 16 children and 8 women were slaughtered in a raid on a village in Mardin province.
  32. ^ Ajansı, İlke Haber (28 June 2018). "PKK'nin katliamlar tarihi". İLKHA (jezik: turski). Pristupljeno 8 February 2022.
  33. ^ Jongerden, Joost (6 June 2005). "Villages of No Return". MERIP (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  34. ^ Filkins, Dexter (24 October 2003). "Kurds Are Finally Heard: Turkey Burned Our Villages". The New York Times (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  35. ^ Phillips, David (8 July 2020). "Turkey must face a reckoning for its crimes in Iraqi Kurdistan". Ahval (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 31 January 2021. Pristupljeno 18 March 2021.
  36. ^ Ferhad Ibrahim, Gülistan Gürbey. The Kurdish conflict in Turkey: obstacles and chances for peace and democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. p. 167. ISBN 0312236298
  37. ^ Dahlman, Carl. The Political Geography of Kurdistan Arhivirano 3. 10. 2008. na Wayback Machine p. 11
  38. ^ "Kurdish group PKK declares ceasefire with Turkey". BBC (jezik: engleski). 1 March 2025. Pristupljeno 1 March 2025.
  39. ^ "A Kurdish militant group decides to disband and disarm as part of a peace initiative with Turkey". Associated Press. 12 May 2025. Pristupljeno 18 May 2025.
  40. ^ Yeung, Jessie (12 May 2025). "Kurdish PKK militant separatist group announces decision to dissolve after decades of conflict with Turkey". CNN (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 17 May 2025.

Dodatna literatura

[uredi | uredi izvor]
Preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistanska_radnička_partija&oldid=3710588"