Lophotrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa
(Kladus Protostomia, u Spiralia)
Lophotrochozoa; (Kladus Protostomia, u Spiralia)
	Karipska Sepioteuthis sepioidea, kompleksna lofotrohozoa
Sistematika
	Annelida; Brachiopoda; Bryozoa sensu lato; Dicyemida; Entoprocta; Hyolitha †; Mollusca; Nemertea; Phoronida;

Lophotrochozoa ("grebenastokoturaste životinje") su kladus Protostomia unutar Spiralia. Takson je uspostavljen kao monofiletska grupa, zasnovana na molekularnim dokazima.^[1]^[2]

Grupe

Kao bazne grupe, Lophotrochozoa ima Cycliophora i Mollusca i izvedenije grupe Lophophorate, Nemertea i Annelida .^[3]^[4]

Uvođenjem Platytrochozoa i Rouphozoa, dolje je prikazana jedna kandidatska filogenija – iako druge studije oporavljaju niz alternativnih mogućnosti::^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

	Gastrotricha

	Platyhelminthes

Lophotrochozoa

	Clitellata

	Siboglinidae

	Brachiopoda

	Phoronida

Bryozoa sensu lato

	Entoprocta

	Ectoprocta

Nemertea

Odnosno

Nephrozoa

Deuterostomia

Protostomia

Lophotrochozoa

	Brachiopoda

	Phoronida

Mollusca

Annelida

Echiura

	Clitellata

	Siboglinidae

Sipuncula

Nemertea

Platyhelminthes [?]

	Entoprocta

	Ectoprocta

Platyhelminthes [?]

	Acanthocephala

	Rotifera

	Gnathostomulida

	Gastrotricha

Ecdysozoa

Brojni fosilni taksoni mogu se prepoznati kao rani lofotrohozoa, čak i ako se njihove precizne veze i dalje osporavaju. Međutim, relevantni kambrijski fosili su u toku rasprave.

Obilježja

Kladus Lophotrochozoa je imenovan po dvije različite karakteristike svojih članova;

lofofora, kao struktura za uzimanje hrane, trepljasta kruna pipaka koji okružuju usta, i
larve trohofore.
Lophophorata kao što su Brachiozoa i Bryozoa imaju lofofore, dok članovi Trochozoa kao što su Mollusca i Annelida imaju trohofore, iako ih neke nemaju nijednu od nijh.^[13]^[14]

Također pogledajte

Reference

↑ Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J., Liva, S., Aguinaldo, A. A., Hillis, D.M. and Lake, J.A. (17. 3. 1995). "18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
↑ Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (maj 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1246–1253. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi111. PMID 15703236.
↑ Nesnidal, Maximilian P; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Bruchhaus, Iris; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Lieb, Bernhard; Struck, Torsten H; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.
↑ Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (august 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
↑ Paps, Jordi; Baguñà, Jaum; Riutort, Marta (1. 10. 2009). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolutio. 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542.
↑ Struck, Torsten H; Schult, Nancy; Kusen, Tiffany; Hickman, Emily; Bleidorn, Christoph; McHugh, Damhnait; Halanych, Kenneth M (5. 4. 2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331. PMID 17411434.
↑ Hausdorf, Bernhard; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Herlyn, Holger; Bruchhaus, Iris; Hankeln, Thomas; Struck, Torsten H.; Lieb, Bernhard (1. 12. 2007). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486.
↑ Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (juli 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.
↑ "cycliophorans". Encyclopedia of Life.
↑ Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (29. 5. 2017). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.
↑ Temereva, Elena N.; Kuzmina, Tatyana V. (31. 7. 2017). "The first data on the innervation of the lophophore in the rhynchonelliform brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: what is the ground pattern of the lophophore in lophophorates?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 172. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1029-5. PMC 5537927. PMID 28760135.
↑ Luo, Yi-Jyun; Kanda, Miyuki; Koyanagi, Ryo; Hisata, Kanako; Akiyama, Tadashi; Sakamoto, Hirotaka; Sakamoto, Tatsuya; Satoh, Noriyuki (4. 12. 2017). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y. PMID 29203924.
↑ Barnes, Robert D (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. str. 200–206. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. OCLC 1015202568.
↑ Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L. (2013). Campbell Biology. Berkeley, CA: Pearson. str. 688. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8.

Dopunska literatura

Podsiadlowski, Lars; Braband, Anke; Struck, Torsten H; von Döhren, Jörn; Bartolomaeus, Thomas (2009). "Phylogeny and mitochondrial gene order variation in Lophotrochozoa in the light of new mitogenomic data from Nemertea". BMC Genomics. 10 (1): 364. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-364. PMC 2728741. PMID 19660126.

Vanjski linkovi

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Commons ima datoteke na temu: Lophotrochozoa

[18S-1995-1] Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J., Liva, S., Aguinaldo, A. A., Hillis, D.M. and Lake, J.A. (17. 3. 1995). "18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)

[2] Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (maj 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1246–1253. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi111. PMID 15703236.

[3] Nesnidal, Maximilian P; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Bruchhaus, Iris; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Lieb, Bernhard; Struck, Torsten H; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.

[4] Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (august 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.

[5] Paps, Jordi; Baguñà, Jaum; Riutort, Marta (1. 10. 2009). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolutio. 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542.

[6] Struck, Torsten H; Schult, Nancy; Kusen, Tiffany; Hickman, Emily; Bleidorn, Christoph; McHugh, Damhnait; Halanych, Kenneth M (5. 4. 2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331. PMID 17411434.

[7] Hausdorf, Bernhard; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Herlyn, Holger; Bruchhaus, Iris; Hankeln, Thomas; Struck, Torsten H.; Lieb, Bernhard (1. 12. 2007). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486.

[8] Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (juli 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.

[9] "cycliophorans". Encyclopedia of Life.

[10] Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (29. 5. 2017). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.

[11] Temereva, Elena N.; Kuzmina, Tatyana V. (31. 7. 2017). "The first data on the innervation of the lophophore in the rhynchonelliform brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: what is the ground pattern of the lophophore in lophophorates?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 172. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1029-5. PMC 5537927. PMID 28760135.

[12] Luo, Yi-Jyun; Kanda, Miyuki; Koyanagi, Ryo; Hisata, Kanako; Akiyama, Tadashi; Sakamoto, Hirotaka; Sakamoto, Tatsuya; Satoh, Noriyuki (4. 12. 2017). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y. PMID 29203924.

[13] Barnes, Robert D (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. str. 200–206. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. OCLC 1015202568.

[14] Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L. (2013). Campbell Biology. Berkeley, CA: Pearson. str. 688. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8.

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