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[[Kategorija:Matematika]]
[[Kategorija:Matematika]]
[[Kategorija:Integrali|*]]
[[Kategorija:Integrali|*]]
[[ar:جدول التكاملات]]
[[it:Tavola degli integrali più comuni]]
[[ru:Список интегралов элементарных функций]]
Verzija na dan 24 juni 2013 u 23:03
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Ovaj članak prikazuje spisak nekih najčešćih antiderivacija; kompletniju listu možete pronaći na članku spisak integrala .
Osnovna pravila integriranja
∫
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
a
∫
f
(
x
)
d
x
(
a
constant)
{\displaystyle \int af(x)\,dx=a\int f(x)\,dx\qquad {\mbox{(}}a{\mbox{ constant)}}\,\!}
∫
[
f
(
x
)
+
g
(
x
)
]
d
x
=
∫
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
g
(
x
)
d
x
{\displaystyle \int [f(x)+g(x)]\,dx=\int f(x)\,dx+\int g(x)\,dx}
∫
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
d
x
=
f
(
x
)
∫
g
(
x
)
d
x
−
∫
[
f
′
(
x
)
(
∫
g
(
x
)
d
x
)
]
d
x
{\displaystyle \int f(x)g(x)\,dx=f(x)\int g(x)\,dx-\int \left[f'(x)\left(\int g(x)\,dx\right)\right]\,dx}
∫
[
f
(
x
)
]
n
f
′
(
x
)
d
x
=
[
f
(
x
)
]
n
+
1
n
+
1
+
C
(for
n
≠
−
1
)
{\displaystyle \int [f(x)]^{n}f'(x)\,dx={[f(x)]^{n+1} \over n+1}+C\qquad {\mbox{(for }}n\neq -1{\mbox{)}}\,\!}
∫
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
ln
|
f
(
x
)
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {f'(x) \over f(x)}\,dx=\ln {\left|f(x)\right|}+C}
∫
f
′
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
1
2
[
f
(
x
)
]
2
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {f'(x)f(x)}\,dx={1 \over 2}[f(x)]^{2}+C}
Integrali prostih funkcija
Racionalne funkcije
Više na: Spisak integrala racionalnih funkcija
∫
d
x
=
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \,{\rm {d}}x=x+C}
∫
x
n
d
x
=
x
n
+
1
n
+
1
+
C
if
n
≠
−
1
{\displaystyle \int x^{n}\,{\rm {d}}x={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}+C\qquad {\mbox{ if }}n\neq -1}
∫
d
x
x
=
ln
|
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {dx \over x}=\ln {\left|x\right|}+C}
∫
d
x
a
2
+
x
2
=
1
a
arctan
x
a
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {dx \over {a^{2}+x^{2}}}={1 \over a}\arctan {x \over a}+C}
Iracionalne funkcije
Više na: Spisak integrala iracionalnih funkcija
∫
d
x
a
2
−
x
2
=
sin
−
1
x
a
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {dx \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}=\sin ^{-1}{x \over a}+C}
∫
−
d
x
a
2
−
x
2
=
cos
−
1
x
a
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {-dx \over {\sqrt {a^{2}-x^{2}}}}=\cos ^{-1}{x \over a}+C}
∫
d
x
x
x
2
−
a
2
=
1
a
sec
−
1
|
x
|
a
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {dx \over x{\sqrt {x^{2}-a^{2}}}}={1 \over a}\sec ^{-1}{|x| \over a}+C}
Logaritmi
Više na: Spisak integrala logaritamskih funkcija
∫
ln
x
d
x
=
x
ln
x
−
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \ln {x}\,dx=x\ln {x}-x+C}
∫
log
b
x
d
x
=
x
log
b
x
−
x
log
b
e
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \log _{b}{x}\,dx=x\log _{b}{x}-x\log _{b}{e}+C}
Eksponencijalne funkcije
Više na: Spisak integrala eksponencijalnih funkcija
∫
e
x
d
x
=
e
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int e^{x}\,dx=e^{x}+C}
∫
a
x
d
x
=
a
x
ln
a
+
C
{\displaystyle \int a^{x}\,dx={\frac {a^{x}}{\ln {a}}}+C}
Trigonometrijske funkcije
Više na: Spisak integrala trigonometrijskih funkcija i Spisak integrala arkusnih funkcija
∫
sin
x
d
x
=
−
cos
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sin {x}\,dx=-\cos {x}+C}
∫
cos
x
d
x
=
sin
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cos {x}\,dx=\sin {x}+C}
∫
tan
x
d
x
=
−
ln
|
cos
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \tan {x}\,dx=-\ln {\left|\cos {x}\right|}+C}
∫
cot
x
d
x
=
ln
|
sin
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cot {x}\,dx=\ln {\left|\sin {x}\right|}+C}
∫
sec
x
d
x
=
ln
|
sec
x
+
tan
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sec {x}\,dx=\ln {\left|\sec {x}+\tan {x}\right|}+C}
∫
csc
x
d
x
=
ln
|
csc
x
−
cot
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \csc {x}\,dx=\ln {\left|\csc {x}-\cot {x}\right|}+C}
∫
sec
2
x
d
x
=
tan
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sec ^{2}x\,dx=\tan x+C}
∫
csc
2
x
d
x
=
−
cot
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \csc ^{2}x\,dx=-\cot x+C}
∫
sec
x
tan
x
d
x
=
sec
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sec {x}\,\tan {x}\,dx=\sec {x}+C}
∫
csc
x
cot
x
d
x
=
−
csc
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \csc {x}\,\cot {x}\,dx=-\csc {x}+C}
∫
sin
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
(
x
−
sin
x
cos
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sin ^{2}x\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}(x-\sin x\cos x)+C}
∫
cos
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
(
x
+
sin
x
cos
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cos ^{2}x\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}(x+\sin x\cos x)+C}
∫
sin
n
x
d
x
=
−
sin
n
−
1
x
cos
x
n
+
n
−
1
n
∫
sin
n
−
2
x
d
x
{\displaystyle \int \sin ^{n}x\,dx=-{\frac {\sin ^{n-1}{x}\cos {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \sin ^{n-2}{x}\,dx}
∫
cos
n
x
d
x
=
cos
n
−
1
x
sin
x
n
+
n
−
1
n
∫
cos
n
−
2
x
d
x
{\displaystyle \int \cos ^{n}x\,dx={\frac {\cos ^{n-1}{x}\sin {x}}{n}}+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\int \cos ^{n-2}{x}\,dx}
∫
tan
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
arctan
x
−
1
2
ln
|
1
+
x
2
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \tan ^{-1}{x}\,dx=x\,\arctan {x}-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\left|1+x^{2}\right|}+C}
Hiperboličke funkcije
Više na: Spisak integrala hiperboličkih funkcija
∫
sinh
x
d
x
=
cosh
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sinh x\,dx=\cosh x+C}
∫
cosh
x
d
x
=
sinh
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cosh x\,dx=\sinh x+C}
∫
tanh
x
d
x
=
ln
|
cosh
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \tanh x\,dx=\ln |\cosh x|+C}
∫
csch
x
d
x
=
ln
|
tanh
x
2
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {\mbox{csch}}\,x\,dx=\ln \left|\tanh {x \over 2}\right|+C}
∫
sech
x
d
x
=
arctan
(
sinh
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {\mbox{sech}}\,x\,dx=\arctan(\sinh x)+C}
∫
coth
x
d
x
=
ln
|
sinh
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \coth x\,dx=\ln |\sinh x|+C}
Inverzne hiperboličke funkcije
∫
sinh
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
sinh
−
1
x
−
x
2
+
1
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sinh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\sinh ^{-1}x-{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}+C}
∫
cosh
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
cosh
−
1
x
+
x
2
−
1
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cosh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\cosh ^{-1}x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}+C}
∫
tanh
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
tanh
−
1
x
+
1
2
log
(
1
−
x
2
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \tanh ^{-1}x\,dx=x\tanh ^{-1}x+{\frac {1}{2}}\log {(1-x^{2})}+C}
∫
csch
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
csch
−
1
x
+
log
[
x
(
1
+
1
x
2
+
1
)
]
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {\mbox{csch}}^{-1}\,x\,dx=x{\mbox{csch}}^{-1}\ x+\log {\left[x\left({\sqrt {1+{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}+1\right)\right]}+C}
∫
sech
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
sech
−
1
x
−
tan
−
1
(
x
x
−
1
1
−
x
1
+
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int {\mbox{sech}}^{-1}\,x\,dx=x{\mbox{sech}}^{-1}\ x-\tan ^{-1}{\left({\frac {x}{x-1}}{\sqrt {\frac {1-x}{1+x}}}\right)}+C}
∫
coth
−
1
x
d
x
=
x
coth
−
1
x
+
1
2
log
(
x
2
−
1
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \coth ^{-1}x\,dx=x\coth ^{-1}x+{\frac {1}{2}}\log {(x^{2}-1)}+C}
Određeni nepravi integrali
Postoje funkcije čiji se integrali ne mogu predstaviti u zatvorenom intervalu (integral [a,b]).
∫
0
∞
x
e
−
x
d
x
=
1
2
π
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\sqrt {x}}\,e^{-x}\,dx}={\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}
(također pogledajte Gama funkcija )
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
1
2
π
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{e^{-x^{2}}\,dx}={\frac {1}{2}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}
(Gausov integral )
∫
0
∞
x
e
x
−
1
d
x
=
π
2
6
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\frac {x}{e^{x}-1}}\,dx}={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}}
(također pogledajte Bernulijev broj )
∫
0
∞
x
3
e
x
−
1
d
x
=
π
4
15
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{{\frac {x^{3}}{e^{x}-1}}\,dx}={\frac {\pi ^{4}}{15}}}
∫
0
∞
sin
(
x
)
x
d
x
=
π
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}\,dx={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
x
d
x
=
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
n
−
1
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
n
π
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n}{x}\,dx=\int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}\cos ^{n}{x}\,dx={\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5\cdot \cdots \cdot (n-1)}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6\cdot \cdots \cdot n}}{\frac {\pi }{2}}}
(if n is an even integer and
n
≥
2
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {n\geq 2}}
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
x
d
x
=
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
n
−
1
)
3
⋅
5
⋅
7
⋅
⋯
⋅
n
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n}{x}\,dx=\int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}\cos ^{n}{x}\,dx={\frac {2\cdot 4\cdot 6\cdot \cdots \cdot (n-1)}{3\cdot 5\cdot 7\cdot \cdots \cdot n}}}
(if
n
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {n}}
is an odd integer and
n
≥
3
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {n\geq 3}}
)
∫
0
∞
x
z
−
1
e
−
x
d
x
=
Γ
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{z-1}\,e^{-x}\,dx=\Gamma (z)}
(gdje je
Γ
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \Gamma (z)}
gama funkcija )
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
(
a
x
2
+
b
x
+
c
)
d
x
=
π
a
exp
[
b
2
−
4
a
c
4
a
]
{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-(ax^{2}+bx+c)}\,dx={\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{a}}}\exp \left[{\frac {b^{2}-4ac}{4a}}\right]}
(gdje je
exp
[
u
]
{\displaystyle \exp[u]}
eksponencijalna funkcija
e
u
{\displaystyle e^{u}}
.)
∫
0
2
π
e
x
cos
θ
d
θ
=
2
π
I
0
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}(x)}
(gdje je
I
0
(
x
)
{\displaystyle I_{0}(x)}
modificirana Beselova funkcija prve vrste)
∫
0
2
π
e
x
cos
θ
+
y
sin
θ
d
θ
=
2
π
I
0
x
2
+
y
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{x\cos \theta +y\sin \theta }d\theta =2\pi I_{0}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}
"Sofomorov san"
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
−
n
=
∫
0
1
x
−
x
d
x
(
=
1.291285997
…
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{-n}=\int _{0}^{1}x^{-x}\,dx\quad \quad (=1.291285997\dots )}
∑
n
=
1
∞
−
(
−
1
)
n
n
−
n
=
∫
0
1
x
x
d
x
(
=
0.783430510712
…
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }-(-1)^{n}n^{-n}=\int _{0}^{1}x^{x}\,dx\quad \quad (=0.783430510712\dots )}
(Pogledajte Johann Bernoulli i sofomorov san ).