Socijaldemokratija
Socijaldemokratija je politička filozofija koja je nastala u drugoj polovini 19. vijeka kao struja u pokretu socijalne pravde i ljevice.[4][5][6] Danas se socijaldemokratija uobičajeno smiješta na lijevi centar političkog spektra.[7][8][9][10]
Izvorna socijaldemokratija je razvijala antikapitalistički program.[11][12][13][14] Ali, kroz vrijeme se okrenula političkom pragmatizmu.[15][16] Pragmatična socijaldemokratija se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovoditi djelimične reforme radi stvaranja državnih propisa, programa i servisa koji bi trebali raditi na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[17][18][19][20][21][22] Praktično ostvarenje takvih reformi u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[19][23][24][25][26] Socijaldemokratija se smatra umjerenom strujom u modernom ljevičarskom pokretu.[27][28][29][30]
Neka obilježja socijaldemokratije:[22][31][32]
- ostvarivanje i poštivanje temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije po bilo kojoj osnovi kao što su: nacionalnost, etnicitet, vjeroispovijest ili uvjerenje, jezik, političko ili drugo mišljenje, rasa, boja kože, spol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, spolne karakteristike, bračni ili obiteljski status, starosna dob, društveni status, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet i bilo koja druga osnova;
- ostvarivanje i razvijanje demokratskih ustanova, vladavine prava i socijalne odgovornosti;
- razvijanje prava i sloboda zapostavljenih i obespravljenih pojedinaca, društvenih skupina i slojeva;
- razvijanje prava ljudi na rad, sindikalno organiziranje, zdravstvenu skrb, obrazovanje i socijalnu skrb;
- održivi ekonomski razvoj, uz razvijanje ravnomjernog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja;
- afirmiranje ravnopravnosti spolova;
- razvijanje pluralističkog i solidarnog društva koje unapređuje kvalitetu života za radnice i radnike, ugrožene slojeve i cjelokupno društvo;
- ubrzavanje društvenog i naučno-tehnološkog napretka;
- afirmiranje načela svjetovnosti;
- unapređivanje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
- zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te okoline i životinja;
- promoviranje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
- korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i vanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i opiranje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.
Umjerena ljevičarska stranka u matičnom toku države koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u radničkoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao socijaldemokratska stranka.[33][34] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije radničke klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[35][36][37][38]
Socijaldemokratske stranke, kao i druge moderne ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće principe:[39]
- sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, već i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zloupotrebe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
- jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, već i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
- solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i suosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde i neravnopravnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava.
Socijaldemokratija se opire svakom obliku autoritarnosti i jednostranačja.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Stoga, socijaldemokratija se opire konceptima jednostranačke vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. vijeka.[48][49][50]
Popis nekih socijaldemokratskih stranaka
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Laburistička stranka (Velika Britanija)
- Laburistička stranka (Norveška)
- Laburistička stranka (Irska)
- Australijska laburistička stranka
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Njemačke
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Austrije
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Švicarske
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Finske
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Švedske
- Socijaldemokrati (Danska)
- Smjer — socijaldemokracija (Slovačka)
- Češka socijaldemokratska stranka
- Demokratska stranka (Srbija)
- Socijaldemokratski savez Makedonije
- Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
- Socijaldemokrati (Slovenija)
- Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore
- Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine
- Socijalistička stranka (Belgija)
- Panhelenski socijalistički pokret (Grčka)
- Španska socijalistička radnička stranka
- Socijalistička stranka (Francuska)
- Demokratska stranka (Italija)
- Socijalistička stranka (Portugal)
- Stranka europskih socijalista
- Radnička stranka (Brazil)
Popis nekih socijaldemokrata
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Martti Ahtisaari[51]
- Raúl Alfonsín
- Clement Attlee[52]
- Pavel Axelrod
- Otto Bauer
- Eduard Bernstein[53]
- Rubén Berríos[54]
- Hermes Binner
- Léon Blum
- Rodrigo Borja Cevallos[55]
- Willy Brandt[56]
- Hjalmar Branting[57]
- Leonel Brizola
- Ed Broadbent[58]
- Walt Brown
- Gro Harlem Brundtland
- Fernando Henrique Cardoso[59]
- Ingvar Carlsson[60]
- Helen Clark[61]
- Major James Coldwell[62]
- Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
- Mário Covas
- Juan Dalmau Ramírez
- Fedor Dan
- Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
- Kemal Derviş[63]
- Tommy Douglas[58]
- Ruth Dreifuss[64]
- Bülent Ecevit[65]
- Tage Erlander[66]
- Carlos Garaikoetxea
- Einar Gerhardsen
- Felipe Gonzalez
- Mikhail Gorbachev[67]
- Per Albin Hansson[68]
- Bob Hawke
- L. T. Hobhouse
- J. A. Hobson
- Toomas H. Ilves[69]
- Erdal Inonu[70]
- Jean Jaurès
- Paul Keating[71]
- Friedrich Kellner[72]
- Norman Kirk[73]
- Wim Kok
- Etbin Kristan
- Dennis Kucinich
- Robert Kuttner[74]
- Oskar Lafontaine[75]
- Ricardo Lagos
- Mark Latham
- Jack Layton[76]
- Julius Leber[77]
- René Lévesque
- David Lewis[58]
- Stephen Lewis
- Trygve Lie
- Wilhelm Liebknecht[78]
- Anna Lindh
- Paavo Lipponen
- Ramsay Macdonald
- Nelson Mandela[79]
- Julius Martov
- Walter Nash
- Obafemi Awolowo
- Olof Palme[80]
- Andreas Papandreou[81]
- Göran Persson[82]
- Louis Pio
- Georgi Plekhanov[83]
- Karl Polanyi
- Jože Pučnik
- Ivica Račan
- Ivo Josipović
- Poul Nyrup Rasmussen[84]
- Ségolène Royal[85]
- Kevin Rudd[86]
- August Rei[87]
- Manuel Rosales[88]
- Alex Salmond
- Giuseppe Saragat[89]
- Michael Joseph Savage[90]
- Max Shachtman
- Lim Kit Siang
- Karpal Singh
- Thorvald Stauning[91]
- Norman Thomas
- Gough Whitlam
- J. S. Woodsworth[92]
- Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero[93]
- Vera Zasulich
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Progresivizam
- Socijalizam
- Demokratski socijalizam
- Progresivna alijansa
- Socijalistička internacionala
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Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Socialdemocrat.org Arhivirano 12. 4. 2006. na Wayback Machine
- Radovi na temu budućnosti kanadske socijaldemokracije
- Socialdemocracia.org (na španskom)
- Canadian Encylopedia: Social democracy Arhivirano 29. 11. 2011. na Wayback Machine
- Socijaldemokracija u nedovršenoj globalnoj revoluciji (engleski)
- Kriza Socijaldemokracije od Rose Luxemburg (engleski)
- Novi Plamen - lijevi list koji iznosi i socijaldemokratske stavove