Izvorni kôd stranice Arnold Sommerfeld


{{Infokutija naučnik
| datum_rođenja           = {{birth date|df=yes|1868|12|5}}
| doktorski_studenti      = [[Karl Bechert]]<br>[[Hans Bethe]]<br>[[Hermann Brück]]<br>[[Peter Debye]]<br>[[Paul Sophus Epstein]]<br>[[Paul Peter Ewald]]<br>[[Eugene Feenberg]]<br>[[Herbert Fröhlich]]<br>[[Erwin Fues]]<br>[[Ernst Guillemin]]<br>[[Werner Heisenberg]]<br>[[Karl Herzfeld]]<br>[[Helmut Hönl]]<br>[[Ludwig Hopf]]<br>[[Walther Kossel]]<br>[[Adolf Kratzer]]<br>[[Alfred Landé]]<br>[[Otto Laporte]]<br>[[Wilhelm Lenz]]<br>[[Karl Meissner]]<br>[[Wolfgang Pauli]]<br>[[Rudolf Peierls]]<br>[[Walter Rogowski]]<br>[[Rudolf Seeliger]]<br>[[Ernst C. Stückelberg]]<br>[[Heinrich Welker]]<br>[[Gregor Wentzel]]
| religija                = 
| slika                   = Sommerfeld1897.gif
}}
 

'''Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld''', ForMemRS <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|last=Born|first=Max|author-link=Max Born|year=1952|title=Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld. 1868–1951|journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=8|issue=21|pages=274–296|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1952.0018|jstor=768813}}</ref> ( {{IPA-de|ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt|lang}} ; 5. decembar 1868. – 26. april 1951.) bio je [[Nijemci|njemački]] [[Teorijska fizika|teorijski fizičar]] koji je bio pionir razvoja [[atomska fizika|atomske]] i [[Kvantna mehanika|kvantne fizike]], a također je obrazovao i podučavao mnoge studente za novu eru teorijske fizike. Bio je supervizor doktorskih studija za mnoge [[Nobelova nagrada|dobitnike Nobelove]] nagrade za fiziku i hemiju (samo je [[Joseph John Thomson|JJ Thomsonov]] mentorski zapis uporediv s njegovim).

Uveo je drugi [[kvantni broj]] ([[azimutalni kvantni broj]]) i treći kvantni broj ([[Magnetski kvantni broj|magnetni kvantni broj]]). Također je uveo [[Konstanta fine strukture|konstantu fine strukture]] i pionirsku teoriju rendgenskih valova.

Sommerfeld je studirao matematiku i fizičke nauke na [[Univerzitet u Königsbergu|Univerzitetu Albertina]] u svom rodnom gradu, [[Kraljevic|Königsbergu]], [[Istočna Pruska]]. Njegov savjetnik za disertaciju bio je matematičar [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]],<ref>The Mathematics Genealogy Project ([http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=31357 Arnold Sommerfeld] {{Webarchive}}) cites [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]] as Sommerfeld's Ph.D. dissertation advisor. Cassidy (Cassidy, 1992, pp. 100 – 101) cites Paul Volkmann as Sommerfeld's advisor and cites a reference. Other authors provide information which can be used to decide between the two, in view of Sommerfeld's abilities. The English translation of Sommerfeld's Habilitationsschrift (Arnold Sommerfeld, translated by Raymond J. Nagem, Mario Zampolli, and Guido Sandri ''Mathematical Theory of Diffraction'', Birkhäuser Boston, 2003, pp. 1–2) reveals that Sommerfeld's Ph.D. thesis cited 14 of his teachers at the University of Königsberg and thanked all of them, but particularly named Lindemann in the line of gratitude. Jungnickel (Jungnickel, 1990b, pp. 144–148 and 157–160) is revealing on a number of issues relating to Volkmann. He did little research himself, did not attract physicists, had few publications to his name, and as a physics teacher was a "popularizer".
While Sommerfeld attended classes in Volkmann's Theoretical Physics Institute at Königsberg, he looked to Volkmann's assistant [[Emil Wiechert]], rather than Volkmann himself. Sommerfeld was closely associated with Emil Wiechert, who gave him many impressions. Wilfried Schroeder has published the earlier letters between Sommerfeld and Wiechert (Arch. hist. ex. sci., 1984). At the end of the 19th and the early 20th century, there were only four ordinarius professorships for theoretical physics: Königsberg (Volkmann), Göttingen ([[Woldemar Voigt]]), Berlin ([[Max Planck]]), and Munich, which had been vacant since [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] left in 1894, and would not be filled until Sommerfeld was appointed there in 1906. In comments made on the status of theoretical physics in 1899, Voigt only mentioned Planck, [[Wilhelm Wien]], [[Paul Drude]], and Sommerfeld. In a letter to Sommerfeld in 1898, Wien's assessment was similar to Voigt's; Wien only mentioned the chairs at Berlin and Göttingen. Keeping in mind that Munich was unfilled, not mentioning Volkmann's chair at Königsberg to Sommerfeld was a glaring omission, with implications. </ref> a također je imao koristi od nastave kod matematičara [[Adolf Hurwitz|Adolfa Hurwitza]] i [[David Hilbert|Davida Hilberta]] i fizičara [[Emil Wiechert|Emila Wiecherta]].<ref name="Mehra, Volume 1 1982, p. 106">Mehra, Volume 1, Part 1, 1982, p. 106.</ref> Njegovo učešće u studentskom bratstvu Deutsche [[Burschenschaft]] rezultiralo je [[Ožiljak od duela|ožiljkom]] od duela na njegovom licu.<ref name="Sommerfeld Biography">[http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Sommerfeld.html Sommerfeld Biography] {{Webarchive}} – MacTutor History of Mathematics</ref> Doktorirao je. 24. oktobra 1891. godine (22 godine). <ref>[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=31357 Arnold Sommerfeld] {{Webarchive}} – Mathematics Genealogy Project. Sommerfeld's Ph.D. thesis title: [[iarchive:diewillkrlichen00sommgoog|''Die willkürlichen Functionen in der mathematischen Physik'']]. </ref>

Nakon što je doktorirao, Sommerfeld je ostao u Königsbergu da radi na svojoj diplomi nastavnika. Državni ispit je položio 1892. godine, a zatim je počeo godinu dana služenja vojnog roka, što je odslužio u rezervnom puku u Königsbergu. Obavezno služenje vojnog roka odslužio je septembra 1893. godine, a narednih osam godina nastavio je dobrovoljno služenje vojnog roka od osam sedmica. Sa podignutim brkovima, svojom tjelesnom građom, [[Pruska|pruskim]] držanjem i ožiljkom od mačevanja na licu, odavao je utisak pukovnika [[Husar|husara]].<ref name="Sommerfeld Biography">[http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Sommerfeld.html Sommerfeld Biography] {{Webarchive}} – MacTutor History of Mathematics</ref>
[[Datoteka:A._Sommerfeld_LCCN2014715010.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A._Sommerfeld_LCCN2014715010.jpg/220px-A._Sommerfeld_LCCN2014715010.jpg|mini| Sommerfeld {{Oko}} 1922–1923]]
Od 1906. Sommerfeld se uspostavio kao redovni profesor fizike i direktor novog Instituta za teorijsku fiziku na [[Univerzitet u Minhenu|Univerzitetu u Minhenu]]. Odabrao ga je za ove pozicije [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen|Wilhelm Röntgen]], direktor Instituta za fiziku u Minhenu,<ref>Jungnickel, 1990b, pp. 274, 277–278, and 281–285.</ref> za kojeg je Sommerfeld smatrao da je pozvan u "privilegiranu sferu djelovanja".<ref name="Arnold Sommerfeld 1964">Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the fourth German edition by Martin O. Stern ''Mechanics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume I '' (Academic Press, 1964), pp. v – x. (''Foreword'' by [[Paul Peter Ewald]] and ''Preface'' by Sommerfeld.)</ref>

Četvorica Sommerfeldovih doktorskih studenata, <ref>[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=31357 Arnold Sommerfeld’s Students] {{Webarchive}} – The Mathematics Genealogy Project and [http://www.wissenschaftsforschung.de/JB98_135-152.pdf Arnold Sommerfeld – Kommunikation und Schulenbildung] {{Webarchive}}. </ref> [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Peter Debye]] i [[Hans Bethe]] osvojili su [[Nobelova nagrada|Nobelove nagrade]], dok su drugi, među kojima su najznačajniji, [[Walter Heitler]], [[Rudolf Peierls]],  [[Karl Bechert]], [[Hermann Brück]], [[Paul Peter Ewald]], [[Eugene Feenberg]], <ref>Eugene Feenberg did doctoral studies with Sommerfeld and completed his Ph.D. in 1933 under [[Edwin C. Kemble]] at Harvard University.</ref> [[Herbert Fröhlich]], [[Erwin Fues]], [[Ernst Guillemin]], [[Helmut Hönl]] , [[Ludwig Hopf]], [[Adolf Kratzer]], [[Otto Laporte]], [[Wilhelm Lenz]], [[Karl Meissner]], <ref>After one year at Munich studying with Sommerfeld, Karl Meissner returned to Tübingen to be able to study spectroscopy with [[Friedrich Paschen]], under whom he received his doctorate in 1915. See: K. W. Meissner reviews: Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the first German edition by [[Otto Laporte]] and Peter A. Moldauer ''Optics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume IV''. ''American Journal of Physics'' '''23''' (7) 477–478 (1955). The author states that he attended Sommerfeld's lectures, and specifically on optics, in 1912.</ref> [[Ernst Guillemin]], [[Ernstrich Welger]], E. [[Gregor Wentzel]], [[Alfred Landé]] i [[Léon Brillouin]]  postali su poznati sami po sebi. Trojica Sommerfeldovih postdoktorskih studenata, [[Linus Pauling]],  [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|Isidor I. Rabi]] <ref>After earning his Ph.D. in 1927, Rabi, aided by fellowships, went to Europe for two years to do postgraduate work under Sommerfeld, [[Niels Bohr]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Otto Stern]], and [[Werner Heisenberg]]. See: [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/rabi-bio.html Isidor Isaac Rabi – Biographical] {{Webarchive}}. See also: Arnold Sommerfeld ''Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career'', ''American Journal of Physics'' '''17''' 315–316 (1949). In the article, Sommerfeld specifically mentions as his (postdoctoral) students the Americans Linus Pauling, Edward U. Condon, and I. I. Rabi. See also: I. I. Rabi, translated and edited by R. Fraser Code ''Stories from the early days of quantum mechanics'', ''Physics Today'' (8) 36–41 (2006). In the article, Rabi comments on his experience as a postdoctoral student of Sommerfeld. </ref> i [[Max von Laue]], <ref>Walker, 1995, p. 73. Von Laue completed his Habilitation in 1906.</ref> dobili su Nobelove nagrade, a deset drugih, [[William Allis]], <ref>During the 1930–1931 academic year, Allis spent the first half with Sommerfeld and the last half at the University of Cambridge. He was traveling with [[Philip M. Morse]]. See: Philip M. Morse ''In at the Beginnings: A Physicists Life'' (MIT Press, second printing 1978) p. 100.</ref> [[Edward Condon]],  [[Carl Eckart]], <ref>In 1927 and 1928, Eckart had a Guggenheim Fellowship, which he used to go to Germany to do postgraduate study with Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich and Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070325222232/http://orsted.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=571&page=194 Eckart Biography] – The National Academies Press and [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ Author Catalog: Eckart] {{Webarchive}} – American Philosophical Society. See also Arnold Sommerfeld, ''Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career'', ''American Journal of Physics'' '''17''' (5) 315–316 (1949). </ref> [[Edwin C. Kemble]], <ref>Edwin C. Kemble went to Munich and Göttingen in 1927–1928 to study and do research with Sommerfeld and [[Max Born]], respectively.</ref> [[William V. Houston]], <ref>In 1927 and 1928, Houston had a Guggenheim Fellowship, which he used to go to Germany to do postgraduate study with Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich and Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=567&page=130 Houston Biography] {{Webarchive}} – The National Academies Press. See also Arnold Sommerfeld ''Some Reminiscences of My Teaching Career'', ''American Journal of Physics'' '''17''' (5) 315–316 (1949). </ref> [[Karl Herzfeld]],  [[Walther Kossel]], [[Philip M. Morse]], <ref>Paul Kirkpatrick ''Address of Recommendation by Professor Paul Kirkpatrick, Chairman of the Committee on Awards'', ''American Journal of Physics'' '''17''' (5) 312–314 (1949). In this article, the following students of Arnold Sommerfeld are mentioned: William V. Houston, Karl Bechert, Otto Scherzer, Otto Laporte, Linus Pauling, Carl Eckart, Gregor Wentzel, Peter Debye, and Philip M. Morse.</ref> <ref>Philip M. Morse ''In at the Beginnings: A Physicists Life'' (MIT Press, second printing 1978) p. 100.</ref> [[Howard Percy Robertson|Howard Robertson]], <ref>I. I. Rabi, translated and edited by R. Fraser Code ''Stories from the early days of quantum mechanics'', ''Physics Today'' (8) 36–41 (2006) p. 38.</ref> i [[Wojciech Rubinowicz]] <ref>Rubinowicz was at Munich from 1916 to 1918.</ref> ] <ref>Rubinowicz was at Munich from 1916 to 1918.</ref> su postali poznati sami po sebi. [[Walter Rogowski]], student dodiplomskih studija u Sommerfeldu na [[RWTH Aachen|RWTH Aachenu]], također je postao poznat sam po sebi. [[Max Born]] je vjerovao da Sommerfeldove sposobnosti uključuju "otkrivanje i razvoj talenata". <ref name="Jungnickel p. 284">Jungnickel, 1990b, p. 284, quoting from references given in Footnote 100 on the page.</ref> [[Albert Einstein]] je rekao Somerfeldu: "Ono čemu se posebno divim kod vas je to što ste, takoreći, izvukli iz tla tako veliki broj mladih talenata." <ref name="Jungnickel p. 284" /> Sommerfeldov stil kao profesora i direktora instituta nije pravio distancu između njega i njegovih kolega i studenata. Pozivao ih je na saradnju, a njihove ideje su često uticale na njegove stavove o fizici. Zabavljao ih je u svom domu i sastajao se s njima u kafićima prije i poslije seminara i kolokvijuma. Sommerfeld je posjedovao kolibu za alpsko skijanje u koju su studenti često bili pozivani na diskusije o fizici koja je zahtjevna kao i sport. <ref>Jungnickel, 1990b, p. 283.</ref>
[[Datoteka:Sommerfeld,Arnold_1935_Stuttgart.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Sommerfeld%2CArnold_1935_Stuttgart.jpg|mini| Arnold Somerfeld, Štutgart 1935]]

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