Izvorni kôd stranice FiloKod

{{italic title}}
'''Međunarodni kodeks filogenetičke nomenklature''', poznat po skraćenici '''''FiloKod''''' ({{jez-en|PhyloCode}}), je nacrt za formalni skup pravila koji reguliraju [[filogenetička nomenklatura|filogenetičku nomenklaturu]]. Njegova sadašnja verzija posebno je dizajnirana da regulira imenovanje [[kladus]]a, ostavljajući upravljanje imenima [[vrsta]] do ranga [[Nomenklaturi kodeks|Nomenklaturnih kodeksa]] ([[Međunarodni kodeks nomenklature algi, gljiva i biljaka]] (CN), [[ICZN|Međunarodni kodeks zoološke nomenklature]] (ICZN), [[Međunarodni kodeks nomenklature bakterija]] (ICNB), [[Međunarodni komitet za taksonomiju virusa]] (ICTV).

''FiloKod'' povezan je s [[Međunarodno društvo za filogenetičku nomenklaturu|Međunarodnim društvom za filogenetičku nomenklaturu]] (ISPN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/ |title=International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (website) |publisher=Phylonames.org |access-date=7. 7. 2010}}</ref> Njegov prateći volumen, '''Filonimi''', uspostavit će prva taksonska imena pod FiloKod-om, posluživši kao primjer onima koji nisu s upoznati s kodom.<ref name=LB09>{{cite journal | last1 = Laurin | first1 = M. | last2 = Bryant | first2 = H. N. | year = 2009 | title = Third Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a Report | journal = Zoologica Scripta | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00379.x}}</ref> '''RegNum''' je povezana internetska baza podataka za filogenska imena.<ref>{{cite web |title=RegNum |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/regnum/ |website=Florida Museum |access-date=4. 4. 2019}}</ref>

''FiloKod'' predlaže da se regulira filogenetička nomenklatura osiguravanjem pravila za odlučivanje koje će se asocijacije imena i definicija smatrati uspostavljenim,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art4-5.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Chapter II. Publication |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=22. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622174944/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art4-5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> koji će se od njih smatrati homonimima<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art13.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 13: Homonymy |publisher=ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615072106/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or synonyms,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art14.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4b, Article 14: Synonymy |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615080556/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art14.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> i koji će se iz skupa sinonima ili homonima smatrati prihvaćenim (uglavnom onaj koji je prvi registrovan; vidi dolje). FiloKod će dopustiti samo imenovanje [[kladus]]a,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#art1.1 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Rule 1.1 |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615072940/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#art1.1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ali ne iz [[parafilija|parafilskih]] ili [[polifilija|polifiletnih]] grupa, i dozvolit će upotrebu [[biološki primjerak|primjeraka]], [[vrsta]] i [[apomorfija]] kao specifera (sidra).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art11.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615075842/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art11.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filogenetička nomenklatura ==
{{glavni| Filogenetička nomenklatura}}

Za razliku od rangirane [[Nomenklatura|nomenklature kodova]] ([[ICN]], [[ICZN]], [[ICNB]]), FiloKod ne zahtijeva upotrebu [[taksonomski rang|rangova]], iako po želji dopušta njihovu upotrebu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#art3 |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615072940/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#art3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodovi temeljeni na rangu definiraju [[takson]]e koristeći rang (kao što su [[rod (biologija)|rod]], [[porodica (biologija)|porodica]], itd), a u mnogim slučajevima i [[tipska vrsta|tip ili tipski podtakson]]. Tačan sadržaj taksona, osim vrste, nije naveden kodovima koji se temelje na rangu.

Suprotno tome, pod filogenetskom nomenklaturom sadržaj taksona razgraničava se definicijom koja je zasnovana na [[filogenija|filogeniji]] (tj. precima i potomcima) i koristi specifikatore (npr. vrste, primjerke, apomorfije) za označavanje stvarnih [[organiam]]a. Formula definicije ukazuje na pretka. Definirani takson je, dakle, taj predak i svi njegovi potomci. Stoga se sadržaj filogenetički definiranog taksona oslanja na filogenetičku hipotezu.

Slijede primjeri tipova filogenetičke definicije (velika slova označavaju specifikatore):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art9.html |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=7. 7. 2010 |archive-date=15. 6. 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615073803/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Temeljen na koljenu''': kladus koji potiče od [[najbliži drevni zajednički predak|najbližeg drevnog zajedničkog pretka]] za A i B ili "najmanje uključiv kladus koja sadrži A i B
* '''Temeljen na grani''': kladus koji se sastoji od A i svih organizama ili vrsta koji imaju najbližeg zajedničkog pretka s A a ne sa Z ili najobuhvatniji kladus koji sadrži A, ali ne i Z. Još jedan pojam za definicije ove vrste je '''temeljen na izvorima'''.
*'''Na bazi apomorfije''': kladus koji potiče od prvog organizma ili vrste koja posjeduje apomorfiju M nasljeđenu od A.
Moguće su i druge vrste definicije uzimajući u obzir ne samo filogenetičke odnose organizma i apomorfije, već i jesu li povezani organizmi ili nisu [[Postojeći takson|postojeći]].
 
Sljedeća tabela sadrži primjere filogenetičkih definicija razreda koji također imaju rang u tradicijskoj nomenklaturi. Kad su svi specifikatori u definiciji utemeljenoj na koljenima postojeći primjerci ili vrste, kao što je u sljedećoj definiciji [[Mammalia]], definirana je [[krunska grupa]]. (Uobičajena definicija sisara je manje restriktivna, uključujući neke fosilne grupe izvan krunske grupe.)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Jason S.|title=Use of Well-Known Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature: A Reply to Laurin|journal=Systematic Biology|year=2002|volume=51|issue=5|pages=822–827|doi=10.1080/10635150290102447|url=http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/5/822.full.pdf|access-date=28. 12. 2011|pmid=12396594}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ime
! Rang
! Tip
! Moguća filogenetička definicija
|-
| ''[[Tyrannosauridae]]''
| Porodica
| ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''<br />Osborn 1905
| Posljednji uključujući kladus koji sadrži i ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' Osborn 1905, ''[[Gorgosaurus libratus]]'' Lambe 1914, i ''[[Albertosaurus sarcophagus]]'' Osborn 1905
|-
| ''[[Mammalia]]''
| Razred
| N/A
| Kladus koji potiče s najbližim zajedničkim pretkom ljudi, '' [[Homo |Homo sapiens]]'' Linnaeus 1758, kljunara ''[[kljunar|Ornithorhynchus anatinus]]'' Shaw 1799
|-
| ''[[Rodentia]]''
| Red
| N/A
| Najobuhvatniji kladus koja sadrži kućnog miša, ''[[miš|Mus musculus]]'' Linnaeus 1758, ali ne i istočni pamučasti rep, ''[[Sylvilagus floridanus]]'' Allen 1890
|-
|''[[Neornithes]]''<br>(Moderne ptice)
| Podrazred
| N/A
| Kladus koji potiče sa najbrižim recentnim zajedničkim pretkom najobuhvatnijeg kladusa koji uključuj [[vrabac|vrapca]] ''[[Passer domesticus]]'' Linnaeus 1758 ali ne dinosaura [[Stegosaurus|''Stegosaurus armatus'']] Marsh 1887
|-
| ''[[Tetrapoda]]''
| Nadrazred
| N/A
| Kladus koji potiče sa najranijim pretkom sa ''[[homo|Homo sapiens]]'' Linnaeus 1758 sa naslijeđenim udovima s prstima ili nožnim prstima
|}

==Verzije==
Nacrt /draft) ''FiloKoda'' prošao je kroz nekoliko revizija. Sve starije verzije se mogu na sajtu [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/documents.html ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404231435/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/documents.html |date=4. 4. 2019 }}. Od januara 2020., sadašnja verzija je 5., finalizirana januara 2014., a važi 21. Januara 2019.

==Organizacija==
Kao i kod drugih nomenklaturnih kodeksa, pravila ''FiloKoda'' su organizirana kao članci, koji su zauzvrat organizirani kao poglavlja. Svaki članak može sadržavati i bilješke, primjere i preporuke.

===Tabela sadržaja===
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/preface.html Preface] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104003612/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/preface.html |date=4. 11. 2019 }} (including [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/citations.html Literature Cited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923232108/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/citations.html |date=23. 9. 2021 }})
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/preamble.html Preamble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924211230/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/preamble.html |date=24. 9. 2021 }}
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/principles.html Division I. Principles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122849/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/principles.html |date=1. 9. 2021 }}
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html Division II. Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030419/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html |date=1. 8. 2020 }}
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#chapter1 Chapter I. Taxa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030419/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art1-3.html#chapter1 |date=1. 8. 2020 }} (Arts. 1-3)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art4-5.html#chapter2 Chapter II. Publication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615171234/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art4-5.html#chapter2 |date=15. 6. 2021 }} (Arts. 4-5)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art6.html#chapter3 Chapter III. Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122851/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art6.html#chapter3 |date=1. 9. 2021 }} (Arts. 6-8)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art9.html#chaper4 Chapter IV. Clade Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045926/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art9.html#chaper4 |date=25. 6. 2020 }} (Arts. 9-11)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art12.html#chapter5 Chapter V. Selection of Established Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122841/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art12.html#chapter5 |date=1. 9. 2021 }} (Arts. 12-15)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art16.html#chapter6 Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922152431/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art16.html#chapter6 |date=22. 9. 2021 }} (Art. 16)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art17.html#chapter7 Chapter VII. Orthography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922141754/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art17.html#chapter7 |date=22. 9. 2021 }} (Arts. 17-18)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art19.html#chapter8 Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161620/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art19.html#chapter8 |date=3. 6. 2021 }} (Art. 19)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art20.html#chapter9 Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922145344/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art20.html#chapter9 |date=22. 9. 2021 }} (Art. 20)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art21.html#chapter10 Chapter X. Species Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928022350/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art21.html#chapter10 |date=28. 9. 2021 }} (Art. 21)
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art22.html#chapter11 Chapter XI. Governance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901113338/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art22.html#chapter11 |date=1. 9. 2021 }} (Art. 22)
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/glossary.html Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120123031/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/glossary.html |date=20. 11. 2017 }}
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/table1.html Tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901113339/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/table1.html |date=1. 9. 2021 }}
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixA.html Appendices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127235016/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixA.html |date=27. 11. 2018 }}
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixA.html#appendix-a Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127235016/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixA.html#appendix-a |date=27. 11. 2018 }}
** [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixB.html#appendix-b Appendix B. Code of Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924223337/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/appendixb.html#appendix-b |date=24. 9. 2021 }}

== Registracijska baza podataka ==
Jednom implementiran, ''FiloKod'' će biti povezan s registracijom [[baza podataka|baze podataka]] zvanom [[RegNum]], koja će pohraniti sva imena kladusa i definicije koje će se smatrati prihvatljivim.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art8.html | title=The PhyloCode: Article 8 | access-date=6. 5. 2020 | archive-date=22. 9. 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922021728/https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/art8.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Očekuje se da će ovo pružiti javno upotrebljiv alat za pridruživanje imena kladusa definicijama, koji se zatim mogu povezati sa grupsms [[takson|subtakson]] ili primjercima putem [[filogenija|filogenijske]] baze podataka stabala (poput [[TreeBASE]]).

Kao što je planirano, međutim. najvažnija upotreba RegNum-a bit će odluka koja će se smatrati prihvaćenom jednog od niza sinonima ili homonima: onaj s najmanjim registracijskim brojem, osim u slučajevima konzervacije.

==Reference==
{{reflist|30em}}

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* {{cite journal|last=Sereno|year=2005|title=The logical basis of phylogenetic taxonomy|url=|journal=Syst. Biol.|volume=54|issue=4|pages=595–619|doi=10.1080/106351591007453|pmid=16109704|}}

==Vanjski linkoivi==
* [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html The PhyloCode (current draft)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212205742/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html |date=12. 12. 2013 }}
* [http://phylonames.org/ International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828050640/http://www.phylonames.org/forum/ International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature Discussion Forum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174513/http://phylonames.org/literature.php Literature on Phylogenetic Nomenclature]
* Christine Soares, [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000D7477-4199-1179-819983414B7FFE9F What's in a Name?], ''Scientific American'', (November 2004).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180625214511/http://www.systass.org/archive/events-archive/2001/phylocode-debate.shtml PhyloCode debate]
*[http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/pushing-phylocode What if we decide to rename every living thing on Earth?], ''Discovery Magazine'', (04.28.2005)

[[Kategorija:Nomenklaturni kodeksi]]
[[Kategorija:Biološka nomenklatura]]