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Endofita

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Endofita ili endofit je endosimbiont, često bakterija ili gljiva, koja živi unutar biljke, ili barem jedan njen dio životnog ciklusa, bez uočljivog izazivanja bolesti.[1][2][3][4] Endofite su sveprisutno raširene i mogu se naći kod svih do danas proučavanih biljaka. Međutim, većina međuodnosa endofit–biljka domaćin nije sasvim poznata.[5][6][7][8] Također poznato je da se endofite javljaju i na lišajima[9] i algama.[10][11] Mnoge ekonomski važne trave (npr. Festuca spp. i Lolium spp.) nose gljivične endofite roda Epichloë,[12][13][14] koje mogu poboljšati rast[15] i snabdijevanje hranjivim sastojcima.[16] Mogu poboljšati i sposobnost biljke da izdržava abiotske stresove, kao što su suša i povećati otpornost na insekte, biljne patogene i sisare biljojede.[17][18][19]

Prenošenje

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Endofite se mogu prenositi ili vertikalno (direktno od roditelja na potomstvo) ili horizontalno (među jedinkama).[20] Vertikalno prenosivee gljivične endofite se obično smatraju klonskim i prenose preko gljivičnih hifa koje prodiru unutar embriona u sjemenu domaćina, kao naprimjer kod oblika roda Epichloë.[21][22][23] Nasuprot tome, reprodukcija putem aseksualnih ili seksualnih spora dovodi do horizontalnog prijenosa, gdje se endofite mogu prenositi između biljaka u populaciji ili u zajednici.[24] Neke endofite koje se često prenose vertikalno mogu proizvesti spore u biljkama, koje se mogu prenijeti horizontalno (npr. Epichloë festucae).[25][26][27] Neke od endofita iz roda Epichloë proizvode skrivene ali infektivne konidijske agense na površini listova.[24][28][29] Međutim, u kojoj mjeri se endofite oslanjaju na ove zagonetne konidije za horizontalni prijenos, još uvijek je nepoznato. Neke endofitske gljivice su zapravo prikriveni patogeni ili saprotrofi i postaju aktivne i razmnožavaju se samo pod određenim uslovima okoliša ili kada im biljke domaćini to omoguće ili počnu da stare.[30][31]

Također pogledajte

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Reference

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  1. ↑ Stone, J.; Bacon, C; White, J. (1999). Bacon, C and White, J. (ured.). An overview of endophytic microbes: endophytism defined. Chapter in book: Microbial Endophytes. Marcell-Dekker. str. 29–33. ISBN 0-8247-8831-1.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Clay, Keith; Schardl, Christopher (1. 10. 2002). "Evolutionary Origins and Ecological Consequences of Endophyte Symbiosis with Grasses". The American Naturalist. 160 (S4): S99–S127. doi:10.1086/342161. JSTOR 10.1086/342161. PMID 18707456.
  3. ↑ Hardoim, Pablo R.; Overbeek, Leonard S. van; Berg, Gabriele; Pirttilä, Anna Maria; Compant, Stéphane; Campisano, Andrea; Döring, Matthias; Sessitsch, Angela (1. 9. 2015). "The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (jezik: engleski). 79 (3): 293–320. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 4488371. PMID 26136581. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 3. 2017. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  4. ↑ Suman, Archna; Yadav, Ajar Nath; Verma, Priyanka (1. 1. 2016). Singh, Dhananjaya Pratap; Singh, Harikesh Bahadur; Prabha, Ratna (ured.). Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity (jezik: engleski). Springer India. str. 117–143. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7. ISBN 9788132226451.
  5. ↑ Faeth, Stanley H. (2002). "Are endophytic fungi defensive plant mutualists?". Oikos. 98 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980103.x. JSTOR 3547609.
  6. ↑ White, James F., Jr.; Morrow, Angela C.; Morgan-Jones, Gareth (1. 3. 1990). "Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. XII. A Fungal Endophyte of Trichachne insularis Belonging to Pseudocercosporella". Mycologia. 82 (2): 218–226. doi:10.2307/3759850. JSTOR 3759850.
  7. ↑ Saunders, Megan; Glenn, Anthony E.; Kohn, Linda M. (1. 9. 2010). "Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes". Evolutionary Applications (jezik: engleski). 3 (5–6): 525–537. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3352505. PMID 25567944. Arhivirano s originala, 1. 7. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  8. ↑ Suryanarayanan, Trichur S. (1. 12. 2013). "Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation". Fungal Ecology. 6 (6): 561–568. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007.
  9. ↑ Grube, Martin; Cardinale, Massimiliano; de Castro, João Vieira; Müller, Henry; Berg, Gabriele (25. 6. 2009). "Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses". The ISME Journal (jezik: engleski). 3 (9): 1105–1115. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.63. ISSN 1751-7362. PMID 19554038.
  10. ↑ Flewelling, Andrew J.; Ellsworth, Katelyn T.; Sanford, Joseph; Forward, Erica; Johnson, John A.; Gray, Christopher A. (13. 12. 2013). "Macroalgal Endophytes from the Atlantic Coast of Canada: A Potential Source of Antibiotic Natural Products?". Microorganisms (jezik: engleski). 1 (1): 175–187. doi:10.3390/microorganisms1010175. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 5. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  11. ↑ Peters, A. F., et al. "Molecular identification, distribution and taxonomy of brown algal endophytes, with emphasis on species from Antarctica." Proceedings of the 17th International Seaweed Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa, 28 January-2 February 2001.. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  12. ↑ White, J. F. (1. 1. 1987). "Widespread Distribution of Endophytes in the Poaceae". Plant Disease. 71 (4): 340. doi:10.1094/pd-71-0340. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  13. ↑ Leyronas, C; Raynal, G (1. 8. 2001). "Presence of Neotyphodium-like endophytes in European grasses". Annals of Applied Biology (jezik: engleski). 139 (1): 119–127. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00136.x. ISSN 1744-7348. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 3. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  14. ↑ Iannone, Leopoldo J.; Jr, James F. White; Giussani, Liliana M.; Cabral, Daniel; Novas, María Victoria (10. 4. 2010). "Diversity and distribution of Neotyphodium-infected grasses in Argentina". Mycological Progress (jezik: engleski). 10 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0669-2. ISSN 1617-416X.
  15. ↑ Nassar, Amr H.; El-Tarabily, Khaled A.; Sivasithamparam, Krishnapillai (novembar 2005). "Promotion of plant growth by an auxin-producing isolate of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize (Zea mays L.) roots". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 42 (2): 97–108. doi:10.1007/s00374-005-0008-y.
  16. ↑ Vázquez-de-Aldana, Beatriz R.; García-Ciudad, Antonia; García-Criado, Balbino; Vicente-Tavera, Santiago; Zabalgogeazcoa, Iñigo (18. 12. 2013). "Fungal Endophyte (Epichloë festucae) Alters the Nutrient Content of Festuca rubra Regardless of Water Availability". PLoS ONE. 8 (12): e84539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084539. PMC 3867530. PMID 24367672.
  17. ↑ Clay, Keith (februar 1988). "Fungal Endophytes of Grasses: A Defensive Mutualism between Plants and Fungi". Ecology. 69 (1): 10–6. doi:10.2307/1943155. JSTOR 1943155.
  18. ↑ Cheplick, G. P. and S. H. Faeth. 2009. Ecology and Evolution of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  19. ↑ Kuldau, G.; Bacon, C. (1. 7. 2008). "Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses". Biological Control. Special Issue: Endophytes. 46 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023.
  20. ↑ Carroll, George (februar 1988). "Fungal Endophytes in Stems and Leaves: From Latent Pathogen to Mutualistic Symbiont". Ecology. 69 (1): 2–9. doi:10.2307/1943154. JSTOR 1943154.
  21. ↑ White, J.F.; Morgan-Jones, G.; Morrow, A.C. (1. 1. 1993). "Taxonomy, life cycle, reproduction and detection of Acremonium endophytes". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 44 (1–4): 13–37. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(93)90037-p.
  22. ↑ Johnston-Monje, David; Raizada, Manish N. (3. 6. 2011). "Conservation and Diversity of Seed Associated Endophytes in Zea across Boundaries of Evolution, Ethnography and Ecology". PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e20396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020396. PMC 3108599. PMID 21673982.
  23. ↑ Gundel, Pedro E.; Batista, William B.; Texeira, Marcos; Martínez-Ghersa, M. Alejandra; Omacini, Marina; Ghersa, Claudio M. (22. 4. 2008). "Neotyphodium endophyte infection frequency in annual grass populations: relative importance of mutualism and transmission efficiency". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences (jezik: engleski). 275 (1637): 897–905. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1494. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2600900. PMID 18198146. Arhivirano s originala, 3. 8. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  24. 1 2 Tadych, Mariusz; Bergen, Marshall S.; White, James F. (1. 3. 2014). "Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution". Mycologia (jezik: engleski). 106 (2): 181–201. doi:10.3852/106.2.181. ISSN 0027-5514. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 12. 2016. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  25. ↑ White, James F., Jr. (1. 7. 1988). "Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. XI. A Proposal concerning Origin and Evolution". Mycologia. 80 (4): 442–446. doi:10.2307/3807845. JSTOR 3807845.
  26. ↑ Tintjer, Tammy; Leuchtmann, Adrian; Clay, Keith (1. 7. 2008). "Variation in horizontal and vertical transmission of the endophyte Epichloë elymi infecting the grass Elymus hystrix". New Phytologist (jezik: engleski). 179 (1): 236–246. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02441.x. ISSN 1469-8137. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 3. 2014. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2017.
  27. ↑ Chung, K. -R.; Schardl, C. L. (1. 3. 1997). "Sexual cycle and horizontal transmission of the grass symbiont, Epichloë typhina". Mycological Research. 101 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1017/S0953756296002602.
  28. ↑ Tadych, Mariusz; Bergen, Marshall; Dugan, Frank M.; White Jr., James F. (1. 4. 2007). "Evaluation of the potential role of water in spread of conidia of the Neotyphodium endophyte of Poa ampla". Mycological Research. 111 (4): 466–472. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.002.
  29. ↑ White, James F., Jr.; Martin, Tyler I.; Cabral, Daniel (1. 3. 1996). "Endophyte-Host Associations in Grasses. XXII. Conidia Formation by Acremonium Endophytes on the Phylloplanes of Agrostis hiemalis and Poa rigidifolia". Mycologia. 88 (2): 174–178. doi:10.2307/3760920. JSTOR 3760920.
  30. ↑ Petrini, Orlando (1991). "Fungal Endophytes of Tree Leaves". u Andrews, John H.; Hirano, Susan S. (ured.). Microbial Ecology of Leaves. Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. str. 179–97. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3168-4_9. ISBN 978-1-4612-7822-1.
  31. ↑ Álvarez-Loayza, Patricia; White, James F. , Jr; Torres, Mónica S.; Balslev, Henrik; Kristiansen, Thea; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Gil, Nathalie (31. 1. 2011). "Light Converts Endosymbiotic Fungus to Pathogen, Influencing Seedling Survival and Niche-Space Filling of a Common Tropical Tree, Iriartea deltoidea". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e16386. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016386. PMC 3031546. PMID 21305008.

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