Mumbai
Mumbai
Muṃbaī | |
|---|---|
Obrisi Mumbaija Hotel Taj Mahal Palace Bandra–Worli | |
 Grb | |
| Nadimak/-ci: Grad snova, Grad sedam ostrva,[1] Indijski Hollywood,[2] Kapija Indije, Maksimalni grad[3] | |
 Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai | |
| Koordinate: 19°04′34″N 72°52′39″E / 19.07611°N 72.87750°E | |
| Država |  Indija |
| Savezna država | Maharashtra |
| Okrug | Konkan |
| Distrikt | Mumbai City |
| Površina | |
| • Megagrad | 603 km2 |
| • Metro | 6.328 km2 |
| Mjesto po površini | 1 |
| Nadmorska visina | 14m m |
| Stanovništvo (2011)[4] | |
| • Megagrad | 12.478.447 |
| • Gustoća | 20.693,94 /km2 |
| • Metro | 18.414.288 |
.jpg)
Mumbai ( मुम्बई , od Mumbadevi, imena jedne lokalne božice, do 1995. Bombay बम्बई) glavni grad države Maharashtra u Indiji i najveća luka na Arapskom moru i indijskom potkontinentu. Grad je de facto finansijski centar i najnaseljeniji grad Indije sa procijenjenom populacijom (bez pojasa predgrađa) od 12,5 miliona stanovnika,[5] dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 18.414.288 stanovnika. Mumbai leži na obali Konkan na zapadnoj obali Indije i ima duboku prirodnu luku. Godine 2008. Mumbai je proglašen za alfa svjetski grad.[6][7]
Sedam ostrva koja čine Mumbai ranije su bila dom zajednicama Koli naroda[8][9][10] koji govore maratski jezik. Vijekovima je sedam ostrva Bombaja bilo pod kontrolom uzastopnih domorodačkih vladara pre nego što su ustupljeni Portugalskom carstvu, a potom i Istočnoindijskoj kompaniji 1661. godine, preko miraza Katarine Braganze kada se udala za Engleskog Karla II.[11] Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project,[12] Počevši od 1782. godine, Mumbai je preoblikovan projektom Hornby Vellard,[12] kojim je poduzeta rekultivacija područja između sedam otoka od mora.[13] Zajedno sa izgradnjom glavnih puteva i željeznica, projekat melioracije, završen 1845, pretvorio je Mumbai u veliku pomorsku luku na Arapskom moru. Mumbaj u 19. stoljeću karakterizira ekonomski i obrazovni razvoj. Tokom ranog 20. vijeka postao je jaka baza za indijski pokret za nezavisnost. Nakon indijske nezavisnosti 1947. grad je uključen u državu Bombaj. 1960, nakon pokreta Samyukta Maharashtra, stvorena je nova država Maharashtra s Mumbaijem kao glavnim gradom.[14]
Moderni razvoj grada počinje tek u prvoj polovini 19. vijeka, kada Bombay postaje sjedište indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduističku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (ističe se željeznička stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene četvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se duž obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno središte sa univerzitetom (od 1857.), bibliotekama, muzejima, nizom hramova, poznatom "kulom šutnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Važan centar pamučne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, hemijska, drvna, kožna i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70% indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom ostrvu Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se pamuk, sjemeno ulje, riža, pšenica, manganova ruda; uvozi tekstil i željezo, čelik, strojeve, ugalj. Željezničkim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem. Važno čvorište međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.
Mumbai je finansijski, komercijalni,[15] i zabvni centar Indije. Također je jedan od deset najvećih svjetskih trgovačkih centara u smislu globalnog finansijskog toka,[16] koji proizvodi 6,16% indijskog BDP-a[17] i čini 25% industrijske proizvodnje, 70% pomorske trgovine u Indiji (Mumbai Port Trust, Dharamtar Port i JNPT),[18] i 70% kapitalnih transakcija indijskoj ekonomiji.[19][20] U gradu se nalaze važne finansijske institucije i korporativna sjedišta brojnih indijskih kompanija i multinacionalnih korporacija. Također je dom nekih od vodećih indijskih naučnih i nuklearnih instituta. Grad je također dom bolivudske i marati kinematografije. Poslovne mogućnosti Mumbaija privlače migrante iz cijele Indije.
Historija
[uredi | uredi izvor].jpg)
U portugalskoj vlasti je od 1534. Od 1661. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od 1708. sjedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija poslije otvaranja Sueskog kanala (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog štrajka u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u krvi. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sjedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombay. 1960. Bombay je postao glavni grad države Maharashtra.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ "The Seven Islands". The Mumbai Pages. 16. 7. 1995. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 10. 2012. Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2012.
- ^ "Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List". 22. 7. 2015. Arhivirano s originala, 1. 11. 2021. Pristupljeno 23. 11. 2023.
- ^ "Mumbai is truly maximum city". The Economic Times. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2023.
- ^ "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Arhivirano s originala, 6. 10. 2014.
- ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7. 5. 2012. Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2012.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Loughborough University. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 2. 2011. Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai | ISAC". Indiastudyabroad.org. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 5. 2015. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2015.
- ^ James, V. (1977). "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis" (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. 36 (2): 131–148. doi:10.2307/1177821. JSTOR 1177821. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 12. 2013.
- ^ Munshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954). Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. str. xix.
The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
- ^ Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay – An analysis of the toponym". Journal of the Oriental Institute: 138–140.
The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
- ^ Wynne, S. M. (2004). "Catherine (1638–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online izd.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4894. Arhivirano s originala, 16. 10. 2015. Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Dwivedi i Mehrotra 2001, str. 28
- ^ "Once Upon a Time in Bombay". Foreign Policy. 24. 6. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 1. 2015. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2012.
- ^ "Bombay: History of a City". British Library. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 2. 2009. Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2008.
- ^ Lakshmi, Rama (14. 4. 2011). "New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes". The Washington Post. Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 6. 2015. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2015.
- ^ "Mumbai, a land of opportunities". The Times of India. 20. 7. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 8. 2014. Pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011.
- ^ "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 2. 2009. Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2008.
- ^ "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business". Rediff.com. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 8. 2010. Pristupljeno 16. 8. 2010.
- ^ "Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)" (PDF). CIDCO. 2013. str. 7. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 8. 8. 2014. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2015.
- ^ Mahajan, Poonam (26. 7. 2014). "Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story". DNA India. Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2015. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2015.
Dodatna literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein. Bombay East Indian Association.
- Bates, Crispin (2003). Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2482-8.
- Brunn, Stanley; Williams, Jack Francis; Zeigler, Donald (2003). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development (Third izd.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-06-381225-3.
- Campbell, Dennis (2008). International Telecommunications Law [2008]. II. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4357-1699-5.
- Census of India, 1961. 5. Office of the Registrar General (India). 1962.
- Carsten, F.L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88). V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5.
- Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern Indian Drama". Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction. Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. ISBN 978-81-7596-260-6. Pristupljeno 26. 4. 2009.
- Chittar, Shantaram D. (1973). The Port of Bombay: a brief history. Bombay Port Trust.
- Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). Housing and finance in developing countries. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated izd.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17242-4.
- David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Mumbai.
- David, M. D. (1995). Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House.
- Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "]. Paris: La Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2.
- Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs. ISBN 978-81-85028-80-4.
- Environment and urbanization. v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. april 2002. ISBN 978-1-84369-223-2. Pristupljeno 29. 8. 2009.
- "Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR" (PDF). MMRDA. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 13. 6. 2010. Pristupljeno 28. 8. 2009.
- Farooqui, Amar (2006). Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88789-32-0.
- Fortescue, J.W. (2008). A History of the British Army. III. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4437-7768-1.
- Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-471-1.
- Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28854-5.
- Greater Bombay District Gazetteer. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. v. 27, no. 1. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1960.
- Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. Brill. ISBN 978-81-215-0088-3.
- Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India after Gandhi. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019881-7.
- Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2. Pristupljeno 16. 8. 2009.
- Huda, Anwar (2004). The Art and Science of Cinema. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0348-1. Pristupljeno 11. 6. 2008.
- Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books. ISBN 978-81-7436-378-7.
- Keillor, Bruce David (2007). Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing. 1. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99276-7.
- Kelsey, Jane (2008). Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44821-5.
- Khalidi, Omar (2006). Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey. Global Media Publications. ISBN 978-81-88869-13-8.
- Kothari, Rajni (1970). Politics in India. Orient Longman.
- Krishnamoorthy, Bala (2008). Environmental Management: Text And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-203-3329-1.
- Kumari, Asha (1990). Hinduism and Buddhism. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7124-060-9.
- Lok Sabha debates. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998.
- Machado, José Pedro (1984). "Bombaim". Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa. Editorial Confluência (jezik: portugalski). I.
- Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40372-9.
- Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements. 1993. ISBN 978-92-1-131233-1.
- Misra, Satish Chandra (1982). The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
- Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj (reissue, illustrated izd.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280596-6.
- "Mumbai Plan". Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra). Arhivirano s originala, 10. 3. 2009. Pristupljeno 29. 4. 2009.
- Naravane, M. S. (2007). Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302947-2.
- "Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai" (PDF). Mumbai Police. Arhivirano s originala (PDF, 1.18 MB), 11. 7. 2009. Pristupljeno 15. 6. 2009.
- Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, ured. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi: The Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-567711-9.
- Pai, Pushpa (2005). "Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City" (PDF). u Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff (ured.). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Cascadilla Press. str. 1794–1806.
- Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest.
- Phadnis, Aditi. Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard.
- "Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region" (PDF). Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 11. 7. 2009. Pristupljeno 4. 6. 2010.
- Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 65. Indian National Science Academy. 1999.
- Rana, Mahendra Singh (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
- Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2007). Climatology (illustrated izd.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-3828-0.
- Saini, A.K.; Chand; Hukam. History of Medieval India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-2313-1.
- Singh, K.S.; B.V. Bhanu; B.R. Bhatnagar; Anthropological Survey of India; D. K. Bose; V.S. Kulkarni; J. Sreenath (2004). Maharashtra. XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0.
- Shirodkar, Prakashchandra P. (1998). Researches in Indo-Portuguese history. 2. Publication Scheme. ISBN 978-81-86782-15-6.
- Swaminathan, R.; Goyal, Jaya (2006). Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal. Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation.
- Strizower, Schifra (1971). The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay. B. Blackwell.
- The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. 2. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1978.
- "The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888" (PDF). State Election Commissioner (Government of Maharashtra). Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 5. 7. 2007. Pristupljeno 3. 5. 2009.
- Kurian, Mathew; McCarney, Patricia (2010). Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-90-481-9425-4.
- Vilanilam, John V. (2005). Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective (illustrated izd.). SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-3372-4.
- Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-6814-6.
- WMO bulletin. 49. World Meteorological Organization. 2000.
- Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86537-206-2.
- Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (1996) [1939]. A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson (2 izd.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0321-0.
- Zakakria, Rafiq; Indian National Congress (1985). 100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985. Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session.
