Indijski potkontinent

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Indijski potkontinent
Geopolitičko pokrivanje potkontinenta
Površina4.440.000 km2
Br. stanovnikaoko 1.8 milijardi
DemonimJužni Azijati
Desi
Države
Zavisne
teritorije
JeziciJezici južne Azije
Vremenske zoneUTC +6
UTC +5:45
UTC +5:30
UTC +5
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Indijski potkontinent[a] jest fiziografska regija u južnoj Aziji, uglavnom smještena na Indijskoj ploči, koja se sa Himalaja pruža prema jugu u Indijski okean. Geopolitički, obuhvata velike kopnene mase zemalja Bangladeša, Butana, Indije, Maldiva, Nepala, Pakistana, i Šri Lanke.[1][2][3][4] Iako se termini "indijski potkontinent" i "južna Azija" često koriste naizmjenično za označavanje regiona, geopolitički termin Južne Azije često uključuje Afganistan, što se ne smatra dijelom potkontinenta.[5]

Geološki, potkontinent potiče iz Indijskog ostrva, izolovane kopnene mase koja se odvojila od superkontinenta Gondvane tokom krede i spojila se sa kopnom Evroazije prije skoro 55 miliona godina, formirajući Himalaje.[6] Historijski gledano, kao i do danas, to je i bio i idalje jeste najnaseljenija regija na svijetu, u kojoj živi otprilike 20-25% globalne populacije u svim vremenima u historiji. Geografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji smješteno ispod Trećeg pola, ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Indo-Burmanskim planinskim lancima na istoku.[7] Susjedne geografske regije oko potkontinenta uključuju Tibetansku visoravan na sjeveru, Indokinesko poluostrvo na istoku, Iransku visoravan na zapadu i Indijski okean na jugu.

Etimologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

U mnogim historijskim izvorima, regija koja okružuje i jugoistočno od rijeke Ind nazivana je jednostavno "Indija".[8] Historičari idalje koriste ovaj izraz za označavanje cijelog indijskog potkontinenta u raspravama o historiji sve do ere Britanske Indije.[8] Tokom ovog perioda, "Indija" se odnosila na poseban politički entitet koji je kasnije postao nezavisna država.[8]

Prema Oksfordskom rječniku engleskog jezika, izraz potkontinent označava "podjelu kontinenta koja ima poseban geografski, politički ili kulturni identitet" i također "veliku kopnenu masu nešto manju od kontinenta".[9][10] Njegova upotreba za označavanje indijskog potkontinenta dokazana je od ranog dvadesetog vijeka kada je većina teritorije bila ili dio Britanskog carstva ili u savezu s njima.[11][12][13] Bio je prikladan izraz za označavanje regije koja se sastoji od Britanske Indije i kneževskih država.[14][15]

Termin je posebno bio uobičajen u Britanskoj imperiji i njenim nasljednicima,[16] dok je izraz Južna Azija češća upotreba u Evropi i Sjevernoj Americi.[17][18] Prema historičarima Sugata Bose i Ayesha Jalal, indijski potkontinent je postao poznat kao Južna Azija "u novijem i neutralnom jeziku".[19] Indolog Ronald B. Inden tvrdi da upotreba termina Južna Azija postaje sve raširenija jer jasno razlikuje region od Istočne Azije.[20] Dok Južna Azija, precizniji izraz koji odražava savremena politička razgraničenja regije, zamjenjuje indijski potkontinent, termin koji je usko povezan s kolonijalnim naslijeđem regije, kao naslovni termin, potonji se još uvijek široko koristi u tipološkim studijama.[21][22]

Od podjele Indije, građani Pakistana (koji je postao nezavisan od Britanske Indije 1947) i Bangladeša (koji je postao nezavisan od Pakistana 1971) često percipiraju korištenje indijskog potkontinenta kao uvredljivo i sumnjivo zbog dominantnog položaja Indije u pojam. Kao takav se sve manje koristi u tim zemljama.[24] U međuvremenu, mnogi indijski analitičari radije koriste ovaj termin zbog sociokulturnih zajedništva u regionu.[25] Region se takođe naziva "azijski potkontinent",[26][27] "južnoazijski potkontinent",[28][29][30] kao i "Indija" ili "Velika Indija" u klasičnim i premodernim smislima.[31][32][33]

Geologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

S lijeva na desno, odvajanje indijskog potkontinenta od Gondvane prije 150 miliona godina, 120 miliona godina, 80 miliona godina i tokom paleocena.
Zbog tektonike ploča, Indijska ploča se odvojila od Madagaskara i sudarila (oko 55 miliona godina) sa Evroazijskom pločom, što je rezultiralo formiranjem Himalaja.

Indijski potkontinent je ranije bio dio Gondvane, superkontinenta koji je nastao tokom kasnog neoproterozoika i ranog paleozoika.[6] Gondvana je počela da se raspada tokom mezozoika, sa Indijskim ostrvom koji se odvojio od Antarktika prije 130-120 miliona godina[34] i Madagaskara prije oko 90 miliona godina,[35] tokom krede. Ostrvska Indija se kasnije povukla prema sjeveroistoku, sudarajući se s Evroazijskom pločom prije skoro 55 miliona godina, tokom eocena, formirajući Indijski potkontinent.[6] Zona u kojoj se spajaju euroazijska i indijska potkontinentna ploča ostaje geološki aktivna, sklona velikim potresima.[36]

Fiziografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Arakanom na istoku.[7][37] Proteže se prema jugu u Indijski okean sa Arapskim morem na jugozapadu i Bengalskim zalivom na jugoistoku.[38] Većina ove regije počiva na Indijskoj ploči i izolirana je od ostatka Azije velikim planinskim barijerama. Lakadivska ostrva, Maldivi i arhipelag Chagos su tri niza koralnih atola, zaliva i farskih ostrva na indijskoj ploči zajedno sa grebenom Čagos-Lakadiv, podmorskim grebenom koji je nastao sjevernim pomijeranjem Indijske ploče preko žarišta Reunion tokom Krede i ranog kenozoika.[39][40][41] Maldivski arhipelag se uzdiže iz podruma vulkanskih bazaltnih izliva sa dubine od oko 2000m formirajući središnji dio grebena između Laccadiva i Velike Chagos obale .[41]

Geografija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rijeka Ind definira veći dio ekosistema na indijskom potkontinentu.

Prema antropologu Johnu R. Lukacsu, "indijski potkontinent zauzima glavnu kopnenu masu Južne Azije."[42] Prema historičaru BN Mukherjeeju, "Potkontinent je nedjeljiv geografski entitet."[43] Prema geografu Dudleyju Stampu, "možda ne postoji kopneni dio svijeta koji je priroda bolje označila kao regija ili 'carstvo' od Indijskog potkontinenta."[44]

Ova prirodna fizička kopnena masa u južnoj Aziji je kopneni dio Indijske ploče, koji je relativno izoliran od ostatka Euroazije.[45] Himalaji (od rijeke Brahmaputre na istoku do rijeke Ind na zapadu), Karakoram (od rijeke Ind na istoku do rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) i planine Hindu Kuša (od rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) čine njegovu sjevernu granicu.[46][47] Na zapadu je omeđen dijelovima planinskih lanaca Hindu Kuša, Spin Ghara (Safed Koh), Sulaiman planina, Kirthar planina, Brahui i Pab i, između ostalih,[46] sa zapadnim pregibnim pojasom duž granice ( između lanca Sulaiman i rasjeda Chaman),[48] gdje se, duž istočnog Hindukuša, nalazi granica između Afganistana i Pakistana. Na istoku je omeđen brdima Patkai, Naga, Lushai i Chin.[46] Indijski okean, Bengalski zaliv i Arapsko more čine granicu indijskog potkontinenta na jugu, jugoistoku i jugozapadu.[46]

S obzirom na teškoće prolaska kroz Himalaje, sociokulturna, vjerska i politička interakcija indijskog potkontinenta uglavnom se odvijala kroz doline Afganistana na njegovom sjeverozapadu, dolinama Manipura na njegovom istoku, i pomorskim putevima.[45] Teža, ali historijski važna interakcija takođe se dogodila kroz odlomke koje su koristili Tibetanci. Ovi putevi i interakcije doveli su do širenja budizma sa potkontinenta u druge dijelove Azije. Islamska ekspanzija stigla je na potkontinent na dva načina: preko Afganistana na kopnu i do indijske obale preko pomorskih puteva na Arapskom moru.[45]

Geopolitika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Kamena unutrašnjost Himalaja.

U smislu modernih geopolitičkih granica, potkontinent čini Bangladeš, Butan, Indiju, Nepal i Pakistan, osim, po konvenciji, ostrvsku državu Šri Lanku i druge obližnje ostrvske države Indijskog okeana, kao što su Maldivi i Britanske indijskookeanske teritorije.[potreban citat][2][3][49][50][51] za razliku od "Južne Azije", ponekad izraz "indijski potkontinent" može isključiti ostrva Maldive i Šri Lanku.[52] Prema Chrisu Brewsteru i Wolfgangu Mayrhoferu, Indija, Pakistan, Bangladeš, Šri Lanka, Nepal i Butan čine indijski potkontinent. Brewster i Mayrhofer također tvrde da se s Afganistanom i Maldivima region naziva Južna Azija.[53] Na periferiji potkontinenta, uključujući Pakistan, Bangladeš i ostrvske lance Maldiva, živi velika muslimanska populacija, dok je srce, uključujući većinu Indije, Nepala i Šri Lanke, pretežno hinduističko ili budističko.[54] Budući da se većina ovih zemalja nalazi na Indijskoj ploči, neprekinutoj kopnenoj masi, granice između zemalja često su ili rijeka ili ničija zemlja.[55]

Precizna definicija "indijskog potkontinenta" u geopolitičkom kontekstu je donekle sporna jer ne postoji globalno prihvaćena definicija o tome koje su zemlje dio južne Azije ili indijskog potkontinenta.[56][57][58][4] Bilo da se zove Indijski potkontinent ili Južna Azija, definicija geografskog opsega ove regije varira.[59][60] Afganistan, iako se često smatra dijelom južne Azije, obično nije uključen u indijski potkontinent.[56][61][62][63][64][65] Maldivi, ostrvska država koja se sastoji od malog arhipelaga jugozapadno od poluotoka, iako se uglavnom smatra dijelom indijskog potkontinenta,[3] ponekad se spominje u izvorima, uključujući Međunarodni monetarni fond, kao grupa ostrva udaljena od indijskog potkontinenta u pravcu jugozapada.[66][67]

Kultura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Religija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Sport[uredi | uredi izvor]

Kriket je najpopularniji sport na potkontinentu,[68] sa 90% obožavatelja ovog sporta širom svijeta na potkontinentu.[69] Postoje i neke tradicionalne igre, kao što su kabaddi i kho-kho, koje se igraju širom regiona i zvanično na Južnoazijskim igrama i Azijskim igrama.[70][71][72] Lige koje su stvorene za ove tradicionalne sportove (kao što su Pro Kabaddi Liga i Ultimate Kho Kho) su neka od najgledanijih sportskih takmičenja na potkontinentu.[73][74]

Također pogledajte[uredi | uredi izvor]

Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Ponekad se jednostavno naziva "potkontinent" u južnoazijskom kontekstu.

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

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    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1

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    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""

    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1ISBN 0-19-513798-1

    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2ISBN 0-415-30787-2
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