Sveti Pavao

Portret sv. Pavla, rad Rembrandta.

Sveti Pavao također nazvan Saul iz Tarsa, (Tarz, 5. - Rim, 65.) bio je kršćanski apostol, svetac kršćanske Crkve, najveći evangelizator i misionar svih vremena, teolog, napisao je mnoge poslanice iz Novog Zavjeta, mučenik.[9] Zbog svog doprinosa Novom zavjetu, općenito se smatra jednom od najvažnijih ličnosti apostolskog doba, a također je osnovao nekoliko kršćanskih zajednica u Maloj Aziji i Evropi od sredine 40-ih do sredine 50-ih godina nove ere.

Pavao, rođen je u Tarzu (u današnjoj Turskoj, tada u Rimskom Carstvu). Zvao se Savao. Rimska verzija imena je Pavao. Bio je židovski student Talmuda, izučio je zanat za izrađivača šatora. Mrzio je kršćane, čak je pomagao pri ubistvu sv. Stjepana.

Glavni izvor informacija o Pavlovom životu i djelima su Djela apostolska u Novom zavjetu. Otprilike polovina njihovog sadržaja dokumentira njegova putovanja, propovijedi i čuda. Pavle nije bio jedan od dvanaestorice apostola i nije poznavao Isusa tokom svog života. Prema Djelima apostolskim, Pavao je živio kao farizej i učestvovao je u progonu ranih Isusovih učenika, moguće heleniziranih Jevreja iz dijaspore koji su prešli na kršćanstvo, u području Jeruzalema, prije svog preobraćenja. Neko vrijeme nakon što je odobrio pogubljenje Stjepana, Pavao je putovao putem za Damask kako bi tamo pronašao kršćane i doveo ih "vezane u Jeruzalem". U podne, svjetlost jača od sunca obasjala je njega i one s njim, uzrokujući da svi padnu na zemlju, a uskrsli Krist se u viziji usmeno obratio Pavlu u vezi s njegovim progonom. Nakon što je bio oslijepljen, uz naredbu da uđe u grad, vid mu je vraćen tri dana kasnije od strane Ananije iz Damaska. Nakon ovih događaja, Pavao je kršten, odmah počevši propovijedati da je Isus iz Nazareta jevrejski mesija i Sin Božji. Poduzeo je tri misionarska putovanja kako bi širio kršćansku poruku nežidovskim zajednicama u Maloj Aziji, grčkim provincijama Ahaji, Makedoniji i Kipru, kao i Judeji i Siriji, kako je opisano u Djelima apostolskim.

Četrnaest od 27 knjiga Novog zavjeta tradicionalno se pripisuje Pavlu. Sedam Pavlovih poslanica naučnici ne osporavaju kao autentične, s različitim stepenima rasprave o preostalim. Pavlovo autorstvo Poslanice Hebrejima nije utvrđeno u samoj Poslanici i već je bilo dovedeno u pitanje u 2. i 3. vijeku. Od 5. do 16. vijeka gotovo je bezuvjetno prihvaćeno da je Pavao autor Poslanice Hebrejima, ali to gledište sada gotovo univerzalno odbacuju naučnici. Neki naučnici vjeruju da ostalih šest potiču od sljedbenika koji su pisali u njegovo ime, koristeći materijal iz Pavlovih sačuvanih pisama i pisama koje je on napisao, a koja više nisu sačuvana. Drugi naučnici tvrde da ideja o pseudonimnom autoru za sporne poslanice pokreće mnoge probleme.

Danas, Pavlove poslanice i dalje predstavljaju vitalne korijene teologije, bogosluženja i pastoralnog života u latinskoj i protestantskoj tradiciji Zapada, kao i u istočnoj katoličkoj i pravoslavnoj tradiciji Istoka. Pavlov utjecaj na kršćansku misao i praksu okarakteriziran je kao "dubok koliko i sveprisutan", među utjecajima mnogih drugih apostola i misionara uključenih u širenje kršćanske vjere.

Kršćani, posebno u luteranskoj tradiciji, klasično su čitali Pavla kao zagovornika Evanđelja bez zakona protiv judaizma. Polemičari i naučnici su također, posebno tokom ranog 20. vijeka, tvrdili da je Pavao iskvario ili oteo kršćanstvo, često uvođenjem paganskih ili helenističkih tema u ranu crkvu. Od tada postoji sve veće prihvatanje Pavla kao fundamentalno jevrejske figure u skladu s prvobitnim učenicima u Jeruzalemu, uprkos ranijim pogrešnim tumačenjima, koja su se manifestovala kroz pokrete poput "Pavla unutar judaizma".

Odrubili su mu glavu mačem, 65. godine u Rimu.

Spomendan mu je 29. juna, zajedno sa sv. Petrom.

Zaštitnik je pisaca, novinara, glasnogovornika, biskupa, misionara, izrađivača šatora, protiv zmijskog otrova, članova pokreta Cursillo, grada Rima, Malte i mnogih drugih mjesta širom svijeta.

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• Westerholm, Stephen (2015). "The New Perspective on Paul in Review". Direction. 44 (1): 4–15.
• White, L. Michael (2007). From Jesus to Christianity. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-081610-0.
• Wiley, Tatha (2002). Original Sin: Origins, Developments, Contemporary Meanings. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4128-9.
• Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). "Ephesus, Rome, and Edessa: The Spread of Christianity". The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press. str. 17–27. ISBN 978-0-300-11884-1. JSTOR j.ctt32bd7m.6. LCCN 2012021755. S2CID 160590164.
• Williams, Charles Stephan Conway (1957). A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Harper.
• Wilson, Barrie (2011). How Jesus Became Christian: The Early Christians And The Transformation Of A Jewish Teacher Into The Son Of God. Orion. ISBN 978-1-78022-206-6.
• Wrede, William (1907). Paul. Prevod: Edward Lummis. London: Philip Green.
• Wright, G. Ernest (1974). Great People of the Bible and How They Lived. Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.
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Dodatna literatura

• Agosto, Efrain (2012). Servant Leadership: Jesus and Paul. Chalice Press. ISBN 978-0-8272-3506-9.
• Bradford, Ernle. Paul the Traveller: Saint Paul and his World. Allen Lane, 1974.
• Davies, W. D. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology. S.P.C.K., 3rd ed., 1970. ISBN 0-281-02449-9.
• Davies, W. D. "The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul" in Matthew Black (ed.), Peake's Commentary on the Bible. London: T. Nelson, 1962. ISBN 0-8407-5019-6.
• Fredriksen, Paula (2018). When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24074-0..
• Hans-Joachim Schoeps. Paul: The Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History (Library of Theological Translations); 34 pages, Lutterworth Press (July 2002); ISBN 978-0-227-17013-7.
• Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Bedeutung d. Kündereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan. Doppelwerk, in: Jesus als Bote d. Heils. Stuttgart 2008, 166–72.
• Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Jesus and Paul: Parallel Lives (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2007) ISBN 0-8146-5173-9.
• Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1995) ISBN 0-8146-5845-8.
• Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) ISBN 0-19-826749-5.
• Pinchas Lapide; Peter Stuhlmacher. Paul: Rabbi and Apostle; 77 pages, Augsburg Publishing House; (December 1984).
• Pinchas Lapide, Leonard Swidler, Jürgen Moltmann. Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarian Doctrine; 94 pages, Wipf & Stock Publishers (2002).
• Reece, Steve. Paul's Large Letters: Pauline Subscriptions in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions. London: T&T Clark, 2016.
• Rashdall, Hastings (1919), The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology.
• Ruef, John, Paul's First Letter to Corinth (Penguin 1971)
• Segal, Alan F. Paul, the Convert, (New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1990) ISBN 0-300-04527-1.
• Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World (Harvard University Press, 1986) ISBN 978-0674750760.