Biomineralizacija
Prema IUPAC-u biomineralizacija je potpuna konverzija organskih supstanci živih organizama u anorganske derivate, posebno mikroorganizama,[1][2] često da se stvrdnu ili ukrute postojeća tkiva. Takva tkiva nazivaju se mineralizovana tkiva. To je izuzetno raširen fenomen; svih šest taksonomskih carstava sadrže članove koji su sposobni formirati minerale, a u organizmima je identificirano preko 60 različitih minerala.[3][4][5] Primjeri uključuju silikate u algama i dijatomejima, karbonate u beskičmenjacima i kalcij-fosfate i karbonate u kičmenjacima. Ovi minerali često formiraju strukturne obrasce kao što su more školjke i kosti kod sisara i ptica. Organizmi proizvode mineralizirane skelete tokom proteklih 550 miliona godina. Kalcijevi karbonati i fosfati su obično kristalni, ali organizmi sa silicijem (spužve, diatomeje itd) uvijek su sa nekristalnim mineralima. Ostali primjeri uključuju naslage bakra, gvožđa i zlata koje uključuju bakterije. Biološki oblikovani minerali često imaju posebnu upotrebu, poput magnetnih senzora kod magnetotaksijskih bakterijama (Fe3O4), uređajima za osječanje gravitacije (CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO 4) i skladištenje i mobilizaciju gvožđa U pogledu taksonomske zastupljenosti, najčešći biominerali su fosfatne i karbonatne soli kalcija, koji se koriste zajedno s organskim polimerima, kao što su kolagen i hitin da daju strukturnu potporu kostima i ljušturama.[6] Strukture ovih biokompozitnih materijala visoko su kontrolirane od nanometarskog do makroskopskog nivoa, što rezultira složenim arhitekturama koje pružaju multifunkcionalna svojstva. Budući da je ovaj opseg kontrole nad rastom minerala poželjan za primjenu u inženjerstvu materijala, postoji značajan interes za razumevanje i rasvetljavanje mehanizama biološki kontrolisane mineralizacije.[7]
-
Hitoni imaju aragonitne ljušturice i zube obložene magnetitom
-
Limpete imaju karbonatne ljušturice i zube ojačane goetitom
Diverzitet
[uredi | uredi izvor]U prirodi postoji širok spektar biominerala, u rasponu od gvožđe-oksida do stroncijevog sulfata, s krečnječkim biominalima koji su posebno zapaženi.[16][17] Međutim, taksonomski gledfano, najrasprostranjeniji biomineral je silicij-dioksid (SiO2.nH2O), koji je prisutan u svim eukariotskim supergrupama.[13] Bez obzira na to, stupanj silicifikacije može varirati čak i između blisko povezanih taksona, od kompozitnih struktura s drugim biomineralima (npr.nekih zubnih);[18] do formiranja manjih struktura (npr. granula cilija;[19] ili je glavni strukturni sastojak organizma.[20] Najekstremniji stupanj silicifikacije evidentiran je u diatomejima, gdje gotovo sve vrste imaju obvezanu potrebu za silicijem da dovrši formiranje ćelijskog zida i diobu ćelija.[21][22] Biogeohemijski i ekološki, diatomeje su najvažniji silikifikatori u modernim morskim ekosistemima, s radiolaria (policistin i feodar kod Rhyzaria, silikoflagelata (Dictiohofyta i Chrysophyta stramenopila) i sunđerima istaknutim ulogama. Suprotno tome, glavni silikifikatori u kopnenim ekosistemima su kopnene biljke (Embryophyta), dok druge grupe za siliciranje (npr. amebe sa ljušturicom) imaju manju ulogu.
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (11. 1. 2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04.
- ^ Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 19. 3. 2015. Pristupljeno 23. 3. 2021.
- ^ Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Rol, K.O. Sigel, ured. (2008). Biomineralization: From Nature to Application. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 4. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03525-2.
- ^ Weiner, Stephen; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1989). On biomineralization. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504977-0.
- ^ Jean-Pierre Cuif; Yannicke Dauphin; James E. Sorauf (2011). Biominerals and fossils through time. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-87473-1.
- ^ Vinn, O. (2013). "Occurrence formation and function of organic sheets in the mineral tube structures of Serpulidae (Polychaeta Annelida)". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e75330. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875330V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075330. PMC 3792063. PMID 24116035.
- ^ Boskey, A. L. (1998). "Biomineralization: conflicts, challenges, and opportunities". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Supplement. 30–31: 83–91. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1998)72:30/31+<83::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 9893259.
- ^ Pósfai, M., Lefèvre, C., Trubitsyn, D., Bazylinski, D.A. and Frankel, R. (2013) "Phylogenetic significance of composition and crystal morphology of magnetosome minerals". Frontiers in microbiology, 4: 344. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00344
- ^ Hendry, Katharine R.; Marron, Alan O.; Vincent, Flora; Conley, Daniel J.; Gehlen, Marion; Ibarbalz, Federico M.; Quéguiner, Bernard; Bowler, Chris (2018). "Competition between Silicifiers and Non-silicifiers in the Past and Present Ocean and Its Evolutionary Impacts". Frontiers in Marine Science. 5. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00022.
- ^ Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah; Hampl, Vladimir; Heiss, Aaron; Hoppenrath, Mona; Lara, Enrique; Le Gall, Line; Lynn, Denis H.; McManus, Hilary; Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Mozley-Stanridge, Sharon E.; Parfrey, Laura W.; Pawlowski, Jan; Rueckert, Sonja; Shadwick, Laura; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
- ^ Ensikat, Hans-Jürgen; Geisler, Thorsten; Weigend, Maximilian (2016). "A first report of hydroxylated apatite as structural biomineral in Loasaceae – plants' teeth against herbivores". Scientific Reports. 6: 26073. doi:10.1038/srep26073. PMC 4872142. PMID 27194462.
- ^ Gal, Assaf; Hirsch, Anna; Siegel, Stefan; Li, Chenghao; Aichmayer, Barbara; Politi, Yael; Fratzl, Peter; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (2012). "Plant Cystoliths: A Complex Functional Biocomposite of Four Distinct Silica and Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Phases". Chemistry - A European Journal. 18 (33): 10262–10270. doi:10.1002/chem.201201111. PMID 22696477.
- ^ a b Marron, Alan O.; Ratcliffe, Sarah; Wheeler, Glen L.; Goldstein, Raymond E.; King, Nicole; Not, Fabrice; De Vargas, Colomban; Richter, Daniel J. (2016). "The Evolution of Silicon Transport in Eukaryotes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (12): 3226–3248. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw209. PMC 5100055. PMID 27729397.
- ^ Raven, John A.; Knoll, Andrew H. (2010). "Non-Skeletal Biomineralization by Eukaryotes: Matters of Moment and Gravity". Geomicrobiology Journal. 27 (6–7): 572–584. doi:10.1080/01490451003702990.
- ^ Weich, Rainer G.; Lundberg, Peter; Vogel, Hans J.; Jensén, Paul (1989). "Phosphorus-31 NMR Studies of Cell Wall-Associated Calcium-Phosphates in Ulva lactuca". Plant Physiology. 90 (1): 230–236. doi:10.1104/pp.90.1.230. PMC 1061703. PMID 16666741.
- ^ Knoll, A. H. (2003). "Biomineralization and Evolutionary History". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 54 (1): 329–356. Bibcode:2003RvMG...54..329K. doi:10.2113/0540329.
- ^ Knoll, Andrew H.; Kotrc, Benjamin (2015). "Protistan Skeletons: A Geologic History of Evolution and Constraint". Evolution of Lightweight Structures. Biologically-Inspired Systems. 6. str. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9398-8_1. ISBN 978-94-017-9397-1.
- ^ Sone, Eli D.; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (2007). "Biomineralization of limpet teeth: A cryo-TEM study of the organic matrix and the onset of mineral deposition". Journal of Structural Biology. 158 (3): 428–444. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2007.01.001. PMID 17306563.
- ^ Foissner, Wilhelm; Weissenbacher, Birgit; Krautgartner, Wolf-Dietrich; Lütz-Meindl, Ursula (2009). "A Cover of Glass: First Report of Biomineralized Silicon in a Ciliate,Maryna umbrellata(Ciliophora: Colpodea)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 56 (6): 519–530. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00431.x. PMC 2917745. PMID 19883440.
- ^ Preisig, H. R. (1994). "Siliceous structures and silicification in flagellated protists". Protoplasma. 181 (1–4): 29–42. doi:10.1007/BF01666387.
- ^ Darley, W.M.; Volcani, B.E. (1969). "Role of silicon in diatom metabolism". Experimental Cell Research. 58 (2–3): 334–342. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(69)90514-X. PMID 5404077.
- ^ Martin-Jezequel, Veronique; Hildebrand, Mark; Brzezinski, Mark A. (2000). "Silicon Metabolism in Diatoms: Implications for Growth". Journal of Phycology. 36 (5): 821–840. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00019.x.
Dopunska literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Addadi, L.; S. Weiner (1992). "Control And Design Principles In Biological Mineralization". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 31 (2): 153–169. doi:10.1002/anie.199201531. Arhivirano s originala (abstract), 17. 12. 2012.
- Boskey, A.L. (2003). "Biomineralization: An overview". Connective Tissue Research. 44 (Supplement 1): 5–9. doi:10.1080/713713622. PMID 12952166.
- McPhee, Joseph (2006). "The Little Workers of the Mining Industry". Science Creative Quarterly (2). Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2006.
- Schmittner, Karl-Erich; Giresse, Pierre (1999). "Micro-environmental controls on biomineralization: superficial processes of apatite and calcite precipitation in Quaternary soils, Roussillon, France". Sedimentology. 46 (3): 463–476. Bibcode:1999Sedim..46..463S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00224.x.
- Weiner, S. (1997). "Design strategies in mineralized biological materials". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 7 (5): 689–702. doi:10.1039/a604512j.
- Dauphin, Y. (2005). Biomineralization. Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry (R.B. King Ed)., Wiley & Sons. 1. str. 391–404. ISBN 978-0-521-87473-1.
- Cuif, J.P.; Sorauf, J.E. (2001). "Biomineralization and diagenesis in the Scleractinia : part I, biomineralization". Bull. Tohoku Univ. Museum. 1: 144–151.
- Dauphin, Y. (2002). "Structures, organo mineral compositions and diagenetic changes in biominerals". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science. 7 (1–2): 133–138. doi:10.1016/S1359-0294(02)00013-4.
- Kupriyanova, E.K., Vinn, O., Taylor, P.D., Schopf, J.W., Kudryavtsev, A.B. and Bailey-Brock, J. (2014). "Serpulids living deep: calcareous tubeworms beyond the abyss". Deep-Sea Research Part I. 90: 91–104. Bibcode:2014DSRI...90...91K. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.006. Pristupljeno 9. 1. 2014.CS1 održavanje: upotreba parametra authors (link)
- Vinn, O., ten Hove, H.A. and Mutvei, H. (2008). "Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 633–650. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00421.x. Pristupljeno 9. 1. 2014.CS1 održavanje: upotreba parametra authors (link)
- Vinn, O. (2013). "Occurrence, Formation and Function of Organic Sheets in the Mineral Tube Structures of Serpulidae (Polychaeta, Annelida)". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e75330. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875330V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075330. PMC 3792063. PMID 24116035.
Vanjski linkovi
[uredi | uredi izvor]- An overview of the bacteria involved in biomineralization from the Science Creative Quarterly
- 'Data and literature on modern and fossil Biominerals': http://biomineralisation.blogspot.fr
- Minerals and the Origins of Life (Robert Hazen, NASA) (video, 60m, April 2014).
- Biomineralization web-book: bio-mineral.org
- Special German Research Project About the Principles of Biomineralization