Romi

Romi su indoarijska etnička grupa^[1]^[2]^[3] koja je tradicionalno živjela nomadskim putujućim načinom života. Lingvistički i genetski dokazi otkrivaju da Romi potiču iz Južne Azije, vjerovatno iz regija današnjeg Punjaba, Rajasthana i Sinda.^[4] Njihova migracija prema zapadu odvijala se u talasima, a vjeruje se da se prvi talas dogodio negdje između 5. i 11. vijeka.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Vjeruje se da su prvi put stigli u Evropu negdje između 7. i 14. vijeka.^[5]^[10]^[11] Iako su široko rasprostranjeni, vjeruje se da su njihove najkoncentriranije populacije u Bugarskoj, Mađarskoj, Rumuniji, Srbiji i Slovačkoj.^[12]^[13]^[14]

U sjeverozapadnoj Indiji ima jezika kojima je romski jezik srodan. Romski jezik je indoarijski jezik sa jakim balkanskim uticajem.^[15] Podijeljen je na nekoliko dijalekata, za koje se procjenjuje da zajedno imaju preko 2 miliona govornika.^[16] Budući da je jezik tradicionalno bio usmeni, mnogi Romi su izvorni govornici domina.

Tri su glavne etničke zajednice na koje su se Romi podijelili svojom ekspanzijom, to su: Gitani (Gitanes), Kalderaši (Kalderash) i Manuši (Manush). Fizički su tamnoputi i nižeg rasta, kose crne. Kod tamnoputijih bosanskih Roma javlja se u 80% slučajeva dolihokefalnost čiji indeks lobanje iznosi 74,4, dok se kod svjetlijih češće javlja brahikefalnost s indeksom 79,8. Himna im se naziva Đelem, đelem.

Međunarodni dan Roma se obilježava od 1971, kada je 8. aprila u Londonu održan prvi svjetski kongres Roma. Obilježavanje tog dana je ustanovljeno kako bi se ukazalo na težak položaj Roma i da bi se podstakle države u kojima žive da obrate posebnu pažnju unapređenju njihovog položaja.^[17]

Pregled

Romi su putujući narod indijskog porijekla raširen širom svijeta, pretežno u Evropi. Izvori ih spominju u Bizantu od 11. vijeka. Procjene o broju pripadnika krajem 20. vijeka kreću se od 3 do 8 i više miliona. Najviše ih živi u državama Istočne i Jugoistočne Evrope te u Španiji. Romske organizacije zalažu se za priznanje da su Romi zaseban neteritorijalni narod s vlastitom historijom, jezikom i kulturom. Karakteristični su po jeziku, nomadizmu, ali i po zanimanjima: mala trgovina, sitni popravci, skupljanje i prodaja otpadnih materijala, građevinski radovi, muzika, zabava, gatanje itd.

Etimologija

Uobičajeni naziv za Rome (rom ili manuš = čovjek) je Cigani koji je porijeklom iz grčkog 'Athinganos', otuda ona ulazi u evropske jezike u raznim varijantama. Nijemci su iskovali ime Zigeuner (izg. Cigojner); mađarski: Cigány; Litvanski: Cigonas; italijanski Zingaro; arbanaški: Cingi. Porijeklo ciganskog imena tražilo se i kod indijskog plemena Čangar, gdje bi možda mogla biti i njihova prapostojbina.

Postoji još nekoliko naziva za ovaj narod, a razlog je taj što se mislilo da su Cigani porijeklom iz Egipta, otuda španski naziv Gitanos i engleski Gypsies, i u Crnoj Gori i Dalmaciji razvio se naziv Jeđupi ili Jeđupci, pa naziv Đupci u Makedoniji. Kod Turaka Osmanlija i Arapa, isto prema Egiptu, nastao je naziv Fir'aun kawmy ('faraonov narod'), on se u Mađarskoj pretvorio u 'pharao nepe', a preko Turaka je u Bosnu ušao kao Firauni, otuda i hipokoristik firko. Francuzi su nadalje za njih napravili i naziv Bohémiens (od Bohemija, Češka). Cigane ili Rome poznaju i skandinavski narodi koji ih prozvaše Tatern i Heiden (=pogani').

Običaji

Društvena zajednica

Romi su narod bez domovine i vlastite političke organizacije. Kod njih nema ni tradicije o državi ni nacionalizma. Međusobno veoma složni i nikada nisu vodili osvajački rat. Zajednice Roma biraju svoga kneza koji pred vlastima zastupa svoje pleme. On se lijepo oblači a simbol njegove časti je kneževska sjekirica na štapu. Knez je odgovoran za postupke svoje vlastite zajednice i stoga poznaje svaku porodicu. Uz njega se nalazi i ciganska majka koja čuva i gaji ciganske običaje i daje savjete. Nju se veoma poštuje.

Porodica

Od mjesta do mjesta, romska porodica može biti patrijarhalna ili matrijarhalna. Značajno im je svima da se žene veoma mladi, a na vjenčanju je prisutan i ciganski knez. Porodice su im velike, s mnogo djece.

Religija

Religija Roma je magija, a u pravilu prihvaćaju vjeru zemlje u kojoj žive, tako su u Grčkoj grkoistočne vjere a u Turskoj muslimanske. Kod njih se očuvalo vjerovanje u dobre i zle duhove i u uroke. U mjesecu maju dolaze na hodočašće grupe Roma katolika i sakupljaju se na jugu Francuske u gradu Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.

Muzika

Romi su skloni muzici i u mnogim su zemljama poznati kao profesionalni muzičari. Njihovi orkestri sviraju pod vodstvom primaš-a, koji improvizira melodije dodajući ih iznova, orkestar ga prati. Instrumentima kojima se služe su prvenstveno violina, pa violončelo, kontrabas i cimbala. Veoma su po ovoj muzici poznati Romi u Mađarskoj.

Jezik

Jezik Roma (e Romani čhib) pripada indo-arijanskoj grani jezika u koji je ipak tokom njihovog skitalačkog i selilačkog života prodro golem broj stranih riječi, pa je najveću promjenu doživio sam rječnik. Jezik im većinom ima iste glasove kao bosanski, osim nekih grlenih glasova, postoje dva roda (muški i ženski) a imenica ima osam padeža. Pozajmice iz drugih jezika imaju posebnu deklinaciju; glagola ima tri vrste.

Reference

^ Ena, Giacomo Francesco; Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Font-Porterias, Neus; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (2022-11-08). "Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review". Genes. 13 (11): 2068. doi:10.3390/genes13112068. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 9690732 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmc= (pomoć). PMID 36360305 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmid= (pomoć). Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54] [...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.
^ Hernández-Arrieta, Stefany (2023-08-07). "The definition of being Romani". Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) – El·lipse. Pristupljeno 2024-02-16. This population [...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago [...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.
^ Beňo, Matúš (2022-11-05). "Romani disappearing from Roma communities". The Slovak Spectator. Pristupljeno 2024-02-16. What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.
^ lMelegh, Béla I. (2017-08-31). "Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani People". BMC Genetics. 18 (82): 82. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x. PMC 5580230. PMID 28859608. Our results show that Northwest India could play an important role in the South Asian ancestry of Roma, however, the origin of Romani people might include the area of Pakistan as well.
Marinov, Aleksandar G. (2019-10-03). Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective. Berghahn. str. 31. ISBN 978-1-78920-362-2. It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.
Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. str. 147. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. Pristupljeno 8 December 2015.
Silverman, Carol (2012-05-24). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. OUP USA. str. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-530094-9.
Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. str. 260. ISBN 978-1-4422-5749-8.
Hancock (2002), str. xx: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'
^ ^a ^b Popov, Shakir M. (2023). Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kovacheva, Lilyana (ured.). "History of the Gypsies in Bulgaria and Europe: Roma". University of St. Andrews. str. 8–12.
^ Matras, Yaron (2005). "Romani" (PDF). u Brown, Keith (ured.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 izd.). Oxford: Elsevier. str. 2. ISBN 978-0-08-054784-8. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 22 November 2022. Pristupljeno 25 May 2023.
^ Mendizabal, Isabel; Valente, Cristina; Gusmão, Alfredo; Alves, Cíntia; Gomes, Verónica; Goios, Ana; Parson, Walther; Calafell, Francesc; Alvarez, Luis; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor; Comas, David; Prata, Maria João (2011-01-10). "Reconstructing the Indian Origin and Dispersal of the European Roma: A Maternal Genetic Perspective". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e15988. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...615988M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015988. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3018485. PMID 21264345.
^ Pappas, Stephanie (6 December 2012). "Origin of the Romani people pinned down - it's India". NBC News. Pristupljeno 16 September 2024.
^ Cole, Jeffrey (2011). "Roma". Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. United Kingdom: ABC-CLIO. str. 297. ISBN 978-1-59884-303-3.
^ "Introduction to Roma Culture" (PDF). USAID. 2007. str. 6. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 27 October 2011.
^ Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (2nd izd.). Scarecrow. str. xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.
^ Selander, Morgan; Walter, Emily (2020). "Lack of Educational Opportunities for the Roma People in Eastern Europe". Ballard Brief (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 2024-08-17.
^ "EU and the Roma". Migration Watch UK. 31 October 2013. Pristupljeno 2024-08-17.
^ "The demographic characteristics of Roma/Gypsies in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe". Council of Europe. 1999.
^ Matras 2002, str. 240.
^ Matras 2002, str. 239.
^ Povodom Svjetskog dana Roma

Izvori

Achim, Viorel (2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9241-84-8.
Fraser, Angus (1992), The Gypsies, Oxford, UK: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-15967-4
Hancock, Ian (2001), Ame sam e rromane džene, New York: The Open Society Institute
Hancock, Ian (2002) [2001]. Ame Sam E Rromane Dz̆ene. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8.
Helsinki Watch (1991), Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies, New York: Helsinki Watch
Hübshmanová, Milena (2003). "Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups". Rombase. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Arhivirano s originala, 11 December 2022. Pristupljeno 3 October 2015.
Lemon, Alaina (2000). Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2456-0.
Matras, Yaron; Popov, Vesselin (2001). Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
Matras, Yaron (2005). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02330-6.
Matras, Yaron (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63165-5.
"Gypsies, The World's Outsiders", National Geographic, str. 72–101, April 2001
Nemeth, David J. (2002). The Gypsy-American. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.
Sutherland, Ann (1986). Gypsies: The Hidden Americans. Waveland. ISBN 978-0-88133-235-3.
Silverman, Carol (1995). "Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe". Cultural Survival Quarterly.

Dodatna literatura

Bereznay, András. Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps (Budapest: Méry Ratio, 2021) see online review of this book
Taylor, Becky (2014). Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-257-7.
Kalwant Bhopal; Martin Myers (2008). Insiders, Outsiders and Others: Gypsies and Identity. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-71-6.
Werner Cohn (1973). The Gypsies (PDF). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-11362-4.
De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
Fonseca, Isabel (1995). Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey. New York: AA Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40678-5.
V. Glajar; D. Radulescu (2008). Gypsies in European Literature and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-0-230-61163-4.
Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin". Nature. 426 (6965): 435–439. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..435G. doi:10.1038/nature02029. PMID 14647380. S2CID 42340.
Gresham, David; Morar, Bharti; Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Wise, Cheryl; Angelicheva, Dora; Calafell, Francesc; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; de Pablo, Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (December 2001). "Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (6): 1314–1331. doi:10.1086/324681. PMC 1235543. PMID 11704928.
Kalaydjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; de Knijff, Peter; Rosser, ZoëH; Hurles, Matthew E; Underhill, Peter; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. S2CID 21432405.
Ringold, Dena (2000), Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: Trends & Challenges, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Turner, Ralph L (1926), "The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan", Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd, 5 (4): 145–188
McDowell, Bart (1970). Gypsies, wanderers of the world. National Geographic Society. Special Publications Division. ISBN 978-0-87044-088-5.
Sancar Seckiner's comprehensible book South (Güney), 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, Ikiçeşmelik, highlights Turkish Romani life. Ref. ISBN 978-605-4579-45-7.
Sancar Seckiner' s new book Thilda's House (Thilda'nın Evi), 2017, underlines the struggle of the Romani in Istanbul who have been swept away from nearby Kadikoy. Ref. ISBN 978-605-4160-88-4.
Radenez Julien (2014). Recherches sur l'histoire des Tsiganes.
Auzias, Claire (2002), Les funambules de l'histoire (jezik: francuski) (Éditions la Digitale izd.), Baye: La Digitale

Vanjski linkovi

Romi na Wikimedia Commonsu

[1] Ena, Giacomo Francesco; Aizpurua-Iraola, Julen; Font-Porterias, Neus; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David (2022-11-08). "Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review". Genes. 13 (11): 2068. doi:10.3390/genes13112068. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 9690732 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmc= (pomoć). PMID 36360305 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmid= (pomoć). Based on genome-wide SNP arrays and whole-genome sequences, it has been determined that the Romani people carry approximately 20–35% South Asian ancestry [4,7], and North-West India constitutes the major source of this component [4,7,54] [...] In general, Romani people carry approximately 65–80% West Eurasian (European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian) ancestry, estimated to have been acquired by extensive gene flow.

[2] Hernández-Arrieta, Stefany (2023-08-07). "The definition of being Romani". Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) – El·lipse. Pristupljeno 2024-02-16. This population [...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago [...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.

[3] Beňo, Matúš (2022-11-05). "Romani disappearing from Roma communities". The Slovak Spectator. Pristupljeno 2024-02-16. What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.

[4] Melegh, Béla I. (2017-08-31). "Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani People". BMC Genetics. 18 (82): 82. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x. PMC 5580230. PMID 28859608. Our results show that Northwest India could play an important role in the South Asian ancestry of Roma, however, the origin of Romani people might include the area of Pakistan as well.
Marinov, Aleksandar G. (2019-10-03). Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective. Berghahn. str. 31. ISBN 978-1-78920-362-2. It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.
Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. str. 147. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8. Pristupljeno 8 December 2015.
Silverman, Carol (2012-05-24). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. OUP USA. str. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-530094-9.
Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. str. 260. ISBN 978-1-4422-5749-8.
Hancock (2002), str. xx: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'

[:2-5] Popov, Shakir M. (2023). Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kovacheva, Lilyana (ured.). "History of the Gypsies in Bulgaria and Europe: Roma". University of St. Andrews. str. 8–12.

[6] Matras, Yaron (2005). "Romani" (PDF). u Brown, Keith (ured.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 izd.). Oxford: Elsevier. str. 2. ISBN 978-0-08-054784-8. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 22 November 2022. Pristupljeno 25 May 2023.

[7] Mendizabal, Isabel; Valente, Cristina; Gusmão, Alfredo; Alves, Cíntia; Gomes, Verónica; Goios, Ana; Parson, Walther; Calafell, Francesc; Alvarez, Luis; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor; Comas, David; Prata, Maria João (2011-01-10). "Reconstructing the Indian Origin and Dispersal of the European Roma: A Maternal Genetic Perspective". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e15988. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...615988M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015988. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3018485. PMID 21264345.

[8] Pappas, Stephanie (6 December 2012). "Origin of the Romani people pinned down - it's India". NBC News. Pristupljeno 16 September 2024.

[9] Cole, Jeffrey (2011). "Roma". Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. United Kingdom: ABC-CLIO. str. 297. ISBN 978-1-59884-303-3.

[10] "Introduction to Roma Culture" (PDF). USAID. 2007. str. 6. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 27 October 2011.

[11] Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) (2nd izd.). Scarecrow. str. xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-8108-6440-5.

[12] Selander, Morgan; Walter, Emily (2020). "Lack of Educational Opportunities for the Roma People in Eastern Europe". Ballard Brief (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 2024-08-17.

[13] "EU and the Roma". Migration Watch UK. 31 October 2013. Pristupljeno 2024-08-17.

[14] "The demographic characteristics of Roma/Gypsies in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe". Council of Europe. 1999.

[FOOTNOTEMatras2002240-15] Matras 2002, str. 240.

[FOOTNOTEMatras2002239-16] Matras 2002, str. 239.

[17] Povodom Svjetskog dana Roma

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