Hronologija klasične mehanike

Hronologija klasične mehanike obuhvata sva značajnija događanja i pronalaske koji se desili od samih početaka klasične mehanike do savremenog doba. S obzirom na vremenske periode razvoja, hronologija klasične mehanike se može podijeliti na dva dijela: ranu ili antičku mehaniku i klasičnu mehaniku koja se često naziva i Newtonova mehanika, nazvana u čast velikog naučnika Isaaca Newtona, jednog od najzaslužnijih za razvoj ove naučne discipline.

Rana mehanika[uredi | uredi izvor]

4. vijek p.n.e. - Aristotel pronalazi sistem Aristotelove fizike koja je poslije u velikoj mjeri odbijena;
4. vijek p.n.e. - Babilonski astronomi određuju Jupiterov položaj koristeći teoremu srednje brzine;^[1]
260. godine p.n.e. - Arhimed proučava principe poluge i definiše zakon kasnije nazvan po njemu Arhimedov zakon;
60. godine - Heron, matematičar i inženjer iz Aleksandrije piše djela Metrika i Mehanika (o tome kako podići teže predmete) i Pneumatika (o mašinama koje radi na principu pritiska fluida);
350. godine - Temistije zaključuje da je statičko trenje veće vrijednosti u odnosu na kinetičko trenje;^[2]
6. vijek - Johan Filopon navodi da će dvije lopte vrlo različitih težina pasti skoro istom brzinom. On stoga testira princip ekvivalentnosti;
1021. - El-Biruni koristi ortogonalne koordinate za opisivanje položaja tačke u prostoru.^[3] Na taj način je odredio i položaje mnogih grdova širom muslimanskog svijeta;
1000. - 1030. godine - Alhazen i Ibn-Sina razvijaju koncepte inercije i količine kretanja, značajne koncepte mehanike;
1100. - 1138. Ibn Badždže otkriva koncept reakcije sile;^[4]
1100. - 1165. - Ebu Barakat el Bagdadi otkriva da je sila proporcionalna ubrzanju a ne brzini što predstavlja fundamentalni zakon klasične mehanike;^[5]
1121. - Ebu Feth el Hazini objavljuje djelo Knjiga balansa mudrosti, u kojoj razvija principe gravitacije pri čemu predlaže koncept koji se zasniva na tome da vrijednost gravitacije zavisi od rastojanja u odnosu na centar univerzuma. aof gravity at-a-distance. He suggests that the gravity varies depending on its distance from the center of the universe, u ovom slučaju Zemlje;^[6]
1340. - 1358. - Jean Buridan razvija teoriju impetusa;
14. vijek - Oksfordski mislioci i francuski saradnici dokazuju teoriju srednje brzine;
14. vijek - Nicole Oresme izvodi zakon koji je zasnovan na vremenskim razmacima za jednako ubrzane promjene.^[7] Međutim, Oresme smatra ovo otkriće kao čisto intelektualnu vježbu koja nema relevantnost za opis bilo kakvog prirodnog fenomena, pa samim tim nije uspio da prepozna bilo kakvu vezu sa kretranjem ubrzavajućeg tijela;^[8]
1500. - 1528. - Al-Birjandi razvija teoriju kružne inercije kako bi objasnio Zemljinu rotaciju;^[9]
16. vijek - Domingo de Soto predlaže teoriju kojom se sugeriše da tijela koja padaju kroz homogeni medij jednako ubrzavaju.^[10]^[11] Soto, međutim, nije predvidio mnoge kvalifikacije i poboljšanja sadržane u Galileovoj teoriji tijela koja padaju. Osim toga, na primjer, nije prepoznao, kao Galileo, da bi tijelo padalo pri strogo jednakim ubrzanjem samo u vakuumu, i da bi u drugom slučaju eventualno postiglo jedinstvenu terminalnu brzinu;
1581. - Galileo Galilei navodi vremensko svojstvo klatna;
1589. - Galileo Galilei koristi kotrljanje kugli niz nagnutu ravan kako bi objasnio da različite težine padaju sa istim ubrzanjem;
1638. - Galileo Galilei objavljuje djelo Razgovori i matematički prikazi dva nova znanja u mehanici (pri čemu misli na nauku o materijalima i kinematiku), gdje između ostalog razvija i Galijejevu transformaciju;
1645. - Ismaël Bullialdus tvrdi da gravitacija slabi kao inverzni kvadrat udaljenosti;^[12]
1651. - Giovanni Battista Riccioli i Francesco Maria Grimaldi otkrivaju Coriolisov efekat, tj. Coriolisovu silu;
1658. - Christiaan Huygens eksperimentalno dolazi do zaključka da loptice postavljene bilo gdje unutar obrnute cikloide dođu do najniže tačke cikloide istovremeno i time eksperimentalno dokazao da je cikloida izohrona;
1668. - John Wallis predlaže zakon o količini kretanja;
1676. - 1689. - Gottfried Leibniz razvija koncept vis viva (žive sile), ograničenu teoriju Zakona očuvanja energije;

Formiranje klasične mehanike (ponekad se naziva i Newtonova mehanika)[uredi | uredi izvor]

1687. - Isaac Newton objavljuje djelo Matematički principi prirodne filozofije (engleski: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) u kojem formuliše Newtonove zakone kretanja i Newtonov zakon gravitacije;
1690. - Jacob Bernoulli predstavlja cikloidu kao rješenje tautohrone krive;
1696 - Johann Bernoulli predstavlja cikloidu kao rješenje brahistohrone krive;
1707. - Gottfried Leibniz vjerovatno razvija princip najmanje akcije;

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016). "Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph". Science. 351 (6272): 482–484. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..482O. doi:10.1126/science.aad8085. PMID 26823423. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
^ Sambursky, Samuel (2014). The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Princeton University Press. str. 65–66. ISBN 9781400858989.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Al-Biruni", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link).:
One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is Shadows which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] Shadows is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates.
^ Shlomo Pines (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris.
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [543]: "Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.")
^ Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. str. 26–28. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.:
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [528]: Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration].")
^ Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [621], Routledge, London and New York
^ Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04880-2.
^ Grant, 1996, p.103).
^ F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context 14 (1-2), p. 145–163. Cambridge University Press.
^ Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56671-1, p. 198
^ Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-964-0 (pp.II 384, II 400, III 272)
^ Ismail Bullialdus, Astronomia Philolaica … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), page 23.

[1] Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016). "Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph". Science. 351 (6272): 482–484. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..482O. doi:10.1126/science.aad8085. PMID 26823423. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.

[2] Sambursky, Samuel (2014). The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Princeton University Press. str. 65–66. ISBN 9781400858989.

[MacTutor-3] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Al-Biruni", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link).:
One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is Shadows which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] Shadows is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates.

[4] Shlomo Pines (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris.
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [543]: "Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.")

[5] Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. str. 26–28. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.:
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [528]: Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration].")

[6] Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [621], Routledge, London and New York

[7] Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04880-2.

[8] Grant, 1996, p.103).

[Ragep-9] F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context 14 (1-2), p. 145–163. Cambridge University Press.

[10] Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56671-1, p. 198

[11] Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-964-0 (pp.II 384, II 400, III 272)

[12] Ismail Bullialdus, Astronomia Philolaica … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), page 23.

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