Versajski sporazum

Versajski sporazum

Mirovni sporazum između savezničkih i udruženih sila i Njemačke
Vrsta	Mirovni sporazum
Potpisan	28. juni 1919. (1919-06-28)
Lokacija	Galerija ogledala, Versajski dvorac, Pariz
Stupio na snagu	10. januar 1920. (1920-01-10)
Uvjet(i)	Ratifikacija od strane Njemačke i tri Glavne savezničke i pridružene sile
Depozitar	Francuska
Jezik	Francuski i engleski

Versajski mir

Potpisivanje Versajskog sporazuma

Za ostale mirovne sporazume potpisane u Versaillesu, pogledajte Versajski sporazum (čvor).

Versajski sporazum[ii] (francuski: Traité de Versailles) bio je mirovni sporazum kojim je okončan Prvi svjetski rat između Njemačke i savezničkih snaga Antante. Potpisan je 28. juna 1919. godine, pet godina nakon atentata na nadvojvodu Franza Ferdinanda. Iako je primirje potpisano 11. novembra 1918, čime su okončao je ratno stanje između Njemačke i većine savezničkih sila. Ostale Centralne sile na njemačkoj strani potpisale su odvojene sporazume.[iii] Iako je primirje od 11. novembra 1918. godine okončalo same borbe i dogovorilo određene principe i uslove, uključujući isplatu reparacija, trebalo je šest mjeseci savezničkih pregovora na Pariskoj mirovnoj konferenciji da bi se zaključio mirovni sporazum. Njemačkoj nije bilo dozvoljeno da učestvuje u pregovorima prije potpisivanja sporazuma. Sporazum je registrirao Sekretarijat Društva naroda 21. oktobra 1919, te ga potvrdilo 10. januara 1920.

Sporazum je zahtijevao od Njemačke da se razoruža, učini teritorijalne ustupke, izruči navodne ratne zločince, pristane na suđenje Kajzeru Vilimu II, prizna nezavisnost država čija je teritorija prethodno bila dio Njemačkog Carstva i plati reparacije silama Antante. Najkritičnija i najkontroverznija odredba u sporazumu bila je: "Savezničke i pridružene vlade potvrđuju, a Njemačka prihvata odgovornost Njemačke i njenih saveznika za prouzrokovanje svih gubitaka i šteta kojima su savezničke i pridružene vlade i njihovi državljani bili izloženi kao posljedica rata koji im je nametnuta agresijom Njemačke i njenih saveznika." Ostale članice Centralnih sila potpisale su sporazume koji sadrže slične članove. Ovaj članak, Član 231, postao je poznat kao klauzula o "ratnoj krivici".

Naslovna stranica engleske verzije Versajskog sporazuma

Sporazum je s njemačke strane službeno potpisao ministar vanjskih poslova Herman Müller. U Njemačkoj je sporazum prihvaćen kao sramota i poniženje za njemački narod, što je kasnije dovelo do pada Vajmarske Republike 1933. i dolaska Adolfa Hitlera na vlast, koji se odrekao sporazuma i povukao iz svih njegovih tačaka.

Kritičari, uključujući Johna Maynarda Keynesa, proglasili su sporazum prestrogim, nazivajući ga "kartaginskim mirom" i rekavši da su reparacije pretjerane i kontraproduktivne. S druge strane, istaknute savezničke ličnosti poput francuskog maršala Ferdinanda Focha kritizirale su sporazum zbog previše blagog tretmana Njemačke. Ovo je još uvijek predmet tekuće debate historičara i ekonomista.

Rezultat ovih konkurentskih, a ponekad i suprotstavljenih ciljeva među pobjednicima bio je kompromis koji nikoga nije ostavio zadovoljnim. Konkretno, Njemačka nije bila ni smirena ni pomirena, niti je trajno oslabljena. Sjedinjene Države nikada nisu ratificirale Versajski sporazum; Umjesto toga, sklopila je zaseban mirovni sporazum s Njemačkom, iako zasnovan na Versajskom sporazumu. Problemi koji su proizašli iz sporazuma doveli su do Locarnskih sporazuma, koji su poboljšali odnose između Njemačke i drugih evropskih sila. Sistem reparacija je reorganizovan, a plaćanja smanjena u Dawesovom i Youngovom planu. Ogorčenje zbog sporazuma potaknulo je uspon Nacističke stranke i na kraju izbijanje Drugog svjetskog rata.

Iako se često naziva "Versajska konferencija", samo je stvarno potpisivanje sporazuma održano u historijskoj palati. Većina pregovora održana je u Parizu, a sastanci "Velike četvorke" uglavnom su se održavali u francuskom Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova na Quai d'Orsayu.

Pozadina

Prvi svjetski rat

Glavni članak: Prvi svjetski rat

Prvi svjetski rat vođen je širom Evrope, Bliskog istoka, Afrike i Azije. Zemlje izvan ratne zone su također bile pogođene prekidom međunarodne trgovine, finansija i diplomatskih pritisaka od zaraćenih strana. Godine 1917. došlo je do revolucije u Rusiji, što je dovelo do raspada carske vlade i uspona boljševika na čelu s Vladimirom Lenjinom.

Također pogledajte

• Rapalski ugovor

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