CLCN5
Gen CLCN5 kod ljudi, nalazi se na hromosomu X. Kodira hloridni kanal Cl-/H+ izmjenjivač ClC-5. ClC-5 koji se uglavnom eksprimira u bubregu, posebno u proksimalnim tubulama, gdje učestvuje u preuzimanju albumina i proteina niske molekulse težine, što je jedan od glavnih fiziološka uloga ćelija proksimalnih tubula. Mutacije u genu CLCN5 uzrokuju X-vezano recesivnu nefropatiju pod nazivom Dentova bolest (Dentova bolest 1 MIM#300009) okarakterizirana prekomjernim gubitkom proteina niske molekulske težine i kalcijem u urinu (hiperkalciurija), nefrokalcinoza (prisustvo agregata kalcij-fosfata u tubulskom lumenu i/ili intersticiju) i nefrolitijaza]ma urinarnom traktom. (kamen u bubregu).
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
[uredi | uredi izvor]Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 746 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 83.147 Da.
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDFLEEPIPG | VGTYDDFNTI | DWVREKSRDR | DRHREITNKS | KESTWALIHS | ||||
VSDAFSGWLL | MLLIGLLSGS | LAGLIDISAH | WMTDLKEGIC | TGGFWFNHEH | ||||
CCWNSEHVTF | EERDKCPEWN | SWSQLIISTD | EGAFAYIVNY | FMYVLWALLF | ||||
AFLAVSLVKV | FAPYACGSGI | PEIKTILSGF | IIRGYLGKWT | LVIKTITLVL | ||||
AVSSGLSLGK | EGPLVHVACC | CGNILCHCFN | KYRKNEAKRR | EVLSAAAAAG | ||||
VSVAFGAPIG | GVLFSLEEVS | YYFPLKTLWR | SFFAALVAAF | TLRSINPFGN | ||||
SRLVLFYVEF | HTPWHLFELV | PFILLGIFGG | LWGALFIRTN | IAWCRKRKTT | ||||
QLGKYPVIEV | LVVTAITAIL | AFPNEYTRMS | TSELISELFN | DCGLLDSSKL | ||||
CDYENRFNTS | KGGELPDRPA | GVGVYSAMWQ | LALTLILKIV | ITIFTFGMKI | ||||
PSGLFIPSMA | VGAIAGRLLG | VGMEQLAYYH | QEWTVFNSWC | SQGADCITPG | ||||
LYAMVGAAAC | LGGVTRMTVS | LVVIMFELTG | GLEYIVPLMA | AAMTSKWVAD | ||||
ALGREGIYDA | HIRLNGYPFL | EAKEEFAHKT | LAMDVMKPRR | NDPLLTVLTQ | ||||
DSMTVEDVET | IISETTYSGF | PVVVSRESQR | LVGFVLRRDL | IISIENARKK | ||||
QDGVVSTSII | YFTEHSPPLP | PYTPPTLKLR | NILDLSPFTV | TDLTPMEIVV | ||||
DIFRKLGLRQ | CLVTHNGRLL | GIITKKDVLK | HIAQMANQDP | DSILFN |
Struktura
[uredi | uredi izvor]Ljudski CLCN5 gen (MIM#300008, referentna sekvenca NG_007159.2) je lokalizovan u pericentromernom regionu na hromosoma X, sekvenca Xp11.23. Proteže se na oko 170 Kb genomske DNK, ima kodirajuću regiju od 2,238 bp i sastoji se od 17 egzona, uključujući 11 egzona (od 2 do 12).[5][6][7][8] Gen CLCN5 ima 8 paraloga (CLCN1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN4, CLCN6, CLCN7, CLCNKA, CLCNKB) i 201 ortologa među viličastim kičmenjacima (Gnathostomata).
Otkriveno je pet različitih CLCN5 genskih transkripata, od kojih dvije (varijante transkripta 3 [NM_000084.5] i 4 [NM_001282163.1]) kodiraju kanonski 746-aminokiselinski protein, dvije (varijante transkripta 1 [NM_001127899.3] i 2 [NM_001127898.3]) NH2-terminalni prošireni protein od 816 aminokiselina[9] a jedna ne kodira nijedan protein (varijanta transkripta 5, [NM_001272102.2]). Pet prim neprevedena regija (5'UTR) CLCN5-a je složena struktura i nije u potpunosti razjašnjena. Predviđeno je da će dva jaka i jedan slabi promotor biti prisutni u genu CLCN5.[10][11] Several different 5’ alternatively used exons have been recognized in the human kidney.[9][10][11][12] Tri promotora pokreću sa različitim stepenom efikasnosti 11 različitih iRNK, pri čemu transkripcija počinje sa najmanje tri različita početna mesta.[10]
Lokalizacija i funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]ClC-5 pripada porodici hloridnih kanala koji su regulatori ekscitabilnosti membrane, transepitelnog transporta i volumena ćelija u različitim tkivima). Na osnovu homologija sekvenci, devet ClC proteina sisara može se grupisati u tri klase, od kojih se prva (ClC-1, ClC-2, ClC-Ka i ClC-Kb) prvenstveno eksprimira u plazmamembranama, dok su druga dva (ClC-3, ClC-4 i ClC-5 i ClC-6 i ClC-7) prvenstveno eksprimirana u organelskim membranama.[13]
ClC-5 je eksprimiran u malim do umjerenim razinama u mozgu, mišićima, crijevima, ali visoko u bubrezima, prvenstveno u ćelijama proksimalnih tubula segmenta S3, u alfa interkaliranim ćelijama korteksa sabirnih kanala i u korteksmom i medulskom debelom uzlaznom nastavku Henleove petlje.[14][15][16][17][18][19]
Ćelije proksimalnih tubula (PTC) su glavno mjesto ekspresije ClC-5. Pomoću procesa receptorom posredovane endocitoze, preuzimaju albumin i proteine niske molekulske težine koji slobodno prolaze kroz glomerulski filter. ClC-5 se nalazi u ranim endosomima PTC-a, gdje se kolokalizira s elektrogenom vakuolskom H+‐ATPazom (V‐ATPaze). ClC-5 u ovom odjeljku doprinosi održavanju intraendosomske kiselosti pH. Zakiseljavanje okoline je neophodno za disocijaciju liganda od njegovog receptora. Receptor se zatim reciklira u apikalnu membranu, dok se ligand transportuje do kasnog endosoma i lizosoma, gdje se razgrađuje. ClC-5 podržava efikasnu acidifikaciju endosoma, bilo obezbjeđivanjem Cl− provodljivosti kako bi se uravnotežila akumulacija pozitivno nabijenog H+ upumpanog V-ATPazom, ili direktnim zakiseljavanjem endosoma u paralelno sa V-ATPazom.[20]
Eksperimentalni dokazi potvrđuju da endosomna koncentracija Cl−, koju ClC-5 podiže u zamjenu za protone akumulirane od strane V-ATPaze, može igrati ulogu u endocitozama, neovisno o endosomnoj acidifikaciji, ukazujući tako na drugi mogući mehanizam kojim disfunkcija ClC-5 može poremetiti endocitozu.[21]
ClC-5 se takođe nalazi na površini ćelije PTC-a, gdje vjerovatno ima ulogu u formiranju/funkcionisanju endocitnog kompleksa koji također uključuje megalin i kubilin/amnionske receptore , natrij-vodik antiporter 3 (NHE3) i V-ATPaza.[22][23] Pokazano je da se na C-terminalu ClC-5 vezuje za aktin-depolimerizirajući protein kofilin. Kada se formira endosom u nastajanju, regrutovanje kofilina od strane ClC-5 je preduslov za lokalizovano rastvaranje aktinskog citoskeleta, čime se dozvoljava endosomu da prođe u citoplazmu. Moguće je da na površini ćelije veliki unutarćelijski C-kraj ClC-5 ima ključnu funkciju u posredovanju u sklapanju, stabilizaciji i rastavljanju endocitnog kompleksa, putem interakcija protein-protein. Stoga, ClC-5 može ostvariti dvije uloge u endocitozi posredovanoj receptorima: 1) vezikulska acidifikacija i reciklaža receptora; 2) učešće u neselektivnom unosu proteina male molekulske težine bez megalina-kubilina-amniona na apikalnoj membrani.
Klinički značaj
[uredi | uredi izvor]Dentova bolest je uglavnom uzrokovana gubitkom funkcije, mutacijama u "CLCN5" genu (Dent disease 1; MIM#300009).[24] Dentova bolest 1 pokazuje izraženu alelnu heterogenost. Do danas je opisano 265 različitih patogenih varijanti "CLCN5". Mali broj patogenih varijanti pronađen je u više od jedne porodice.[25] Oko 48% su skraćene mutacije (nonsensne, okvirne ili složene), 37% neskraćene (misensne ili unutar okvira insercije/delecije), 10% mutacija na mjestu prerade i 5% drugih tipova (velike delecije, Alu inseercije ili 5'UTR mutacije). Funkcionalna istraživanja u oocitima Xenopus laevis (afrička kandžasta žaba) i ćelijama sisara.[21][26][27][28] enabled these CLCN5 mutations to be classified according to their functional consequences.[8][25][29][30][31] Najčešće mutacije dovode do defektnog sklapanja proteina i obrađivanja, što rezultira sa endoplazmatskkoretikulumskim zadržavanjem mutantnog proteina za dalju degradaciju putem proteasoma.
Klinička dijagnoza Dentove bolesti može se potvrditi molekulskim genetičkim testiranjem koje može otkriti mutacije u specifičnim genima za koje je poznato da uzrokuju Dentovu bolest. Međutim, oko 20-25% pacijenata sa Dentovom bolešću ostaje genetički neriješeno.
Genetičko testiranje je korisno za određivanje statusa zdravog nositelja kod majke oboljelog muškarca. U stvari, budući da je Dentova bolest X-vezano recesivno oboljenje, muškarci su češće pogođeni nego žene, a žene mogu biti heterozigotne zdrave nositeljice. Zbog X-inaktivacije, žene nositeljice mogu imati neke blage simptome Dentove bolesti, kao što su niske molekulske težine (proteinurija ili hiperkalciurija). Nositeljice će prenijeti bolest na polovinu svojih sinova, dok će polovina njihovih kćeri biti nositeljice. Oboljeli muškarci ne prenose bolest na svoje sinove jer na muškarce prenose hromosom Y, ali sve njihove kćeri će naslijediti mutirani hromosom X. Preimplantacijsko i preneonatusno genetičko testiranje se ne preporučuju za Dentovu bolest 1, jer je prognoza za većinu pacijenata dobra i nedostaje jasna je korelacija između genotipa i fenotipa.[32]
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]Bilješke
[uredi | uredi izvor]Greška: Imena
pokazatelja stanja stranice ne smiju biti prazna.
{{{tekst}}} |
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171365 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004317 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Scheinman SJ, Pook MA, Wooding C, Pang JT, Frymoyer PA, Thakker RV (juni 1993). "Mapping the gene causing X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis to Xp11.22 by linkage studies". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (6): 2351–7. doi:10.1172/JCI116467. PMC 443292. PMID 8099916.
- ^ Fisher SE, Black GC, Lloyd SE, Hatchwell E, Wrong O, Thakker RV, Craig IW (novembar 1994). "Isolation and partial characterization of a chloride channel gene which is expressed in kidney and is a candidate for Dent's disease (an X-linked hereditary nephrolithiasis)". Human Molecular Genetics. 3 (11): 2053–9. PMID 7874126.
- ^ Fisher SE, van Bakel I, Lloyd SE, Pearce SH, Thakker RV, Craig IW (oktobar 1995). "Cloning and characterization of CLCN5, the human kidney chloride channel gene implicated in Dent disease (an X-linked hereditary nephrolithiasis)". Genomics. 29 (3): 598–606. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9960. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CC06-6. PMID 8575751.
- ^ a b Scheel O, Zdebik AA, Lourdel S, Jentsch TJ (juli 2005). "Voltage-dependent electrogenic chloride/proton exchange by endosomal CLC proteins". Nature. 436 (7049): 424–7. Bibcode:2005Natur.436..424S. doi:10.1038/nature03860. PMID 16034422. S2CID 4412965.
- ^ a b Ludwig M, Waldegger S, Nuutinen M, Bökenkamp A, Reissinger A, Steckelbroeck S, Utsch B (2003). "Four additional CLCN5 exons encode a widely expressed novel long CLC-5 isoform but fail to explain Dent's phenotype in patients without mutations in the short variant". Kidney & Blood Pressure Research. 26 (3): 176–84. doi:10.1159/000071883. PMID 12886045. S2CID 41532860.
- ^ a b c Hayama, Atsushi; Uchida, Shinichi; Sasaki, Sei; Marumo, Fumiaki (2000). "Isolation and characterization of the human CLC-5 chloride channel gene promoter". Gene (jezik: engleski). 261 (2): 355–364. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00493-5. PMID 11167024.
- ^ a b Tosetto E, Casarin A, Salviati L, Familiari A, Lieske JC, Anglani F (juli 2014). "Complexity of the 5'UTR region of the CLCN5 gene: eleven 5'UTR ends are differentially expressed in the human kidney". BMC Medical Genomics. 7 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-7-41. PMC 4105828. PMID 25001568.
- ^ Forino M, Graziotto R, Tosetto E, Gambaro G, D'Angelo A, Anglani F (2004). "Identification of a novel splice site mutation of CLCN5 gene and characterization of a new alternative 5' UTR end of ClC-5 mRNA in human renal tissue and leukocytes". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0108-1. PMID 14673707.
- ^ Stölting G, Fischer M, Fahlke C (7. 10. 2014). "CLC channel function and dysfunction in health and disease". Frontiers in Physiology. 5: 378. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00378. PMC 4188032. PMID 25339907.
- ^ Obermüller N, Gretz N, Kriz W, Reilly RF, Witzgall R (februar 1998). "The swelling-activated chloride channel ClC-2, the chloride channel ClC-3, and ClC-5, a chloride channel mutated in kidney stone disease, are expressed in distinct subpopulations of renal epithelial cells". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 101 (3): 635–42. doi:10.1172/JCI1496. PMC 508607. PMID 9449697.
- ^ Günther W, Lüchow A, Cluzeaud F, Vandewalle A, Jentsch TJ (juli 1998). "ClC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent's disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically active kidney cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (14): 8075–80. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.8075G. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8075. PMC 20931. PMID 9653142.
- ^ Luyckx VA, Goda FO, Mount DB, Nishio T, Hall A, Hebert SC, et al. (novembar 1998). "Intrarenal and subcellular localization of rat CLC5". The American Journal of Physiology. 275 (5): F761-9. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.5.F761. PMID 9815133.
- ^ Lamb FS, Clayton GH, Liu BX, Smith RL, Barna TJ, Schutte BC (mart 1999). "Expression of CLCN voltage-gated chloride channel genes in human blood vessels". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 31 (3): 657–66. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1998.0901. PMID 10198195.
- ^ von Weikersthal SF, Barrand MA, Hladky SB (april 1999). "Functional and molecular characterization of a volume-sensitive chloride current in rat brain endothelial cells". The Journal of Physiology. 516 ( Pt 1): 75–84. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.075aa.x. PMC 2269222. PMID 10066924.
- ^ Devuyst O, Christie PT, Courtoy PJ, Beauwens R, Thakker RV (februar 1999). "Intra-renal and subcellular distribution of the human chloride channel, CLC-5, reveals a pathophysiological basis for Dent's disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (2): 247–57. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.2.247. PMID 9931332.
- ^ Smith AJ, Lippiat JD (juni 2010). "Direct endosomal acidification by the outwardly rectifying CLC-5 Cl(-)/H(+) exchanger". The Journal of Physiology. 588 (Pt 12): 2033–45. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.188540. PMC 2911210. PMID 20421284.
- ^ a b Novarino G, Weinert S, Rickheit G, Jentsch TJ (juni 2010). "Endosomal chloride-proton exchange rather than chloride conductance is crucial for renal endocytosis". Science. 328 (5984): 1398–401. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1398N. doi:10.1126/science.1188070. PMID 20430975. S2CID 206525928.
- ^ Hryciw DH, Wang Y, Devuyst O, Pollock CA, Poronnik P, Guggino WB (oktobar 2003). "Cofilin interacts with ClC-5 and regulates albumin uptake in proximal tubule cell lines". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (41): 40169–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307890200. PMID 12904289.
- ^ Wang Y, Cai H, Cebotaru L, Hryciw DH, Weinman EJ, Donowitz M, et al. (oktobar 2005). "ClC-5: role in endocytosis in the proximal tubule" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 289 (4): F850-62. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00011.2005. PMID 15942052.
- ^ Lloyd SE, Pearce SH, Fisher SE, Steinmeyer K, Schwappach B, Scheinman SJ, et al. (februar 1996). "A common molecular basis for three inherited kidney stone diseases". Nature. 379 (6564): 445–9. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..445L. doi:10.1038/379445a0. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CBFE-2. PMID 8559248. S2CID 4364656.
- ^ a b Lieske, John C.; Milliner, Dawn S.; Beara-Lasic, Lada; Harris, Peter; Cogal, Andrea; Abrash, Elizabeth (1993), Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Pagon, Roberta A.; Wallace, Stephanie E. (ured.), "Dent Disease", GeneReviews®, University of Washington, Seattle, PMID 22876375, pristupljeno 28. 2. 2020
- ^ Lloyd SE, Gunther W, Pearce SH, Thomson A, Bianchi ML, Bosio M, et al. (august 1997). "Characterisation of renal chloride channel, CLCN5, mutations in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) disorders". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (8): 1233–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1233. PMID 9259268.
- ^ Grand T, L'Hoste S, Mordasini D, Defontaine N, Keck M, Pennaforte T, et al. (april 2011). "Heterogeneity in the processing of CLCN5 mutants related to Dent disease" (PDF). Human Mutation. 32 (4): 476–83. doi:10.1002/humu.21467. PMID 21305656. S2CID 25637790.
- ^ Gorvin CM, Wilmer MJ, Piret SE, Harding B, van den Heuvel LP, Wrong O, et al. (april 2013). "Receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal acidification is impaired in proximal tubule epithelial cells of Dent disease patients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (17): 7014–9. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.7014G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302063110. PMC 3637698. PMID 23572577.
- ^ D'Antonio C, Molinski S, Ahmadi S, Huan LJ, Wellhauser L, Bear CE (juni 2013). "Conformational defects underlie proteasomal degradation of Dent's disease-causing mutants of ClC-5". The Biochemical Journal. 452 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1042/BJ20121848. PMID 23566014.
- ^ Smith AJ, Reed AA, Loh NY, Thakker RV, Lippiat JD (februar 2009). "Characterization of Dent's disease mutations of CLC-5 reveals a correlation between functional and cell biological consequences and protein structure". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 296 (2): F390-7. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90526.2008. PMC 2643861. PMID 19019917.
- ^ Ludwig M, Doroszewicz J, Seyberth HW, Bökenkamp A, Balluch B, Nuutinen M, et al. (juli 2005). "Functional evaluation of Dent's disease-causing mutations: implications for ClC-5 channel trafficking and internalization". Human Genetics. 117 (2–3): 228–37. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1303-2. PMID 15895257. S2CID 34623611.
- ^ Devuyst O, Thakker RV (oktobar 2010). "Udubljenja disease". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 5 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-28. PMC 2964617. PMID 20946626.
Dopunska literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Igarashi T, Hayakawa H, Shiraga H, Kawato H, Yan K, Kawaguchi H, et al. (1995). "Hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in patients with idiopathic low-molecular-weight proteinuria in Japan: is the disease identical to Dent's disease in United Kingdom?". Nephron. 69 (3): 242–7. doi:10.1159/000188464. PMID 7753256.
- Scheinman SJ, Pook MA, Wooding C, Pang JT, Frymoyer PA, Thakker RV (juni 1993). "Mapping the gene causing X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis to Xp11.22 by linkage studies". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 91 (6): 2351–7. doi:10.1172/JCI116467. PMC 443292. PMID 8099916.
- Lloyd SE, Pearce SH, Fisher SE, Steinmeyer K, Schwappach B, Scheinman SJ, et al. (februar 1996). "A common molecular basis for three inherited kidney stone diseases". Nature. 379 (6564): 445–9. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..445L. doi:10.1038/379445a0. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CBFE-2. PMID 8559248. S2CID 4364656.
- Fisher SE, van Bakel I, Lloyd SE, Pearce SH, Thakker RV, Craig IW (oktobar 1995). "Cloning and characterization of CLCN5, the human kidney chloride channel gene implicated in Dent disease (an X-linked hereditary nephrolithiasis)". Genomics. 29 (3): 598–606. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9960. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CC06-6. PMID 8575751.
- Lloyd SE, Pearce SH, Günther W, Kawaguchi H, Igarashi T, Jentsch TJ, Thakker RV (mart 1997). "Idiopathic low molecular weight proteinuria associated with hypercalciuric nephrocalcinosis in Japanese children is due to mutations of the renal chloride channel (CLCN5)". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 99 (5): 967–74. doi:10.1172/JCI119262. PMC 507905. PMID 9062355.
- Pirozzi G, McConnell SJ, Uveges AJ, Carter JM, Sparks AB, Kay BK, Fowlkes DM (juni 1997). "Identification of novel human WW domain-containing proteins by cloning of ligand targets". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (23): 14611–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.23.14611. PMID 9169421.
- Oudet C, Martin-Coignard D, Pannetier S, Praud E, Champion G, Hanauer A (juni 1997). "A second family with XLRH displays the mutation S244L in the CLCN5 gene". Human Genetics. 99 (6): 781–4. doi:10.1007/s004390050448. PMID 9187673. S2CID 1930953.
- Lloyd SE, Gunther W, Pearce SH, Thomson A, Bianchi ML, Bosio M, et al. (august 1997). "Characterisation of renal chloride channel, CLCN5, mutations in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) disorders". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (8): 1233–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1233. PMID 9259268.
- Schurman SJ, Norden AG, Scheinman SJ (maj 1998). "X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis: presentation and diagnosis in children". The Journal of Pediatrics. 132 (5): 859–62. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70318-X. PMID 9602200.
- Günther W, Lüchow A, Cluzeaud F, Vandewalle A, Jentsch TJ (juli 1998). "ClC-5, the chloride channel mutated in Dent's disease, colocalizes with the proton pump in endocytotically active kidney cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (14): 8075–80. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.8075G. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8075. PMC 20931. PMID 9653142.
- Devuyst O, Christie PT, Courtoy PJ, Beauwens R, Thakker RV (februar 1999). "Intra-renal and subcellular distribution of the human chloride channel, CLC-5, reveals a pathophysiological basis for Dent's disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (2): 247–57. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.2.247. PMID 9931332.
- Lamb FS, Clayton GH, Liu BX, Smith RL, Barna TJ, Schutte BC (mart 1999). "Expression of CLCN voltage-gated chloride channel genes in human blood vessels". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 31 (3): 657–66. doi:10.1006/jmcc.1998.0901. PMID 10198195.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, et al. (decembar 2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Moulin P, Igarashi T, Van der Smissen P, Cosyns JP, Verroust P, Thakker RV, et al. (april 2003). "Altered polarity and expression of H+-ATPase without ultrastructural changes in kidneys of Dent's disease patients". Kidney International. 63 (4): 1285–95. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00851.x. PMID 12631345.
- Wu F, Roche P, Christie PT, Loh NY, Reed AA, Esnouf RM, Thakker RV (april 2003). "Modeling study of human renal chloride channel (hCLC-5) mutations suggests a structural-functional relationship". Kidney International. 63 (4): 1426–32. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00859.x. PMID 12631358.
- Carballo-Trujillo I, Garcia-Nieto V, Moya-Angeler FJ, Antón-Gamero M, Loris C, Méndez-Alvarez S, Claverie-Martin F (april 2003). "Novel truncating mutations in the ClC-5 chloride channel gene in patients with Dent's disease". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 18 (4): 717–23. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfg016. PMID 12637640.
- Ludwig M, Waldegger S, Nuutinen M, Bökenkamp A, Reissinger A, Steckelbroeck S, Utsch B (2004). "Four additional CLCN5 exons encode a widely expressed novel long CLC-5 isoform but fail to explain Dent's phenotype in patients without mutations in the short variant". Kidney & Blood Pressure Research. 26 (3): 176–84. doi:10.1159/000071883. PMID 12886045. S2CID 41532860.
- Hryciw DH, Wang Y, Devuyst O, Pollock CA, Poronnik P, Guggino WB (oktobar 2003). "Cofilin interacts with ClC-5 and regulates albumin uptake in proximal tubule cell lines" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (41): 40169–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307890200. PMID 12904289.
External links
[uredi | uredi izvor]- CLCN5 protein, human na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Lokacija ljudskog genoma CLCN5 i stranica sa detaljima o genu CLCN5 u UCSC Genome Browseru.
Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz Nacionalne medicinske biblioteke Sjedinjenih Država, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.